Description of emission
| Necessary bandwidth
| Designation of emission
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Formula
| Sample calculation
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I. NO MODULATING SIGNAL
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Continuous wave emission | | | N0N (zero)
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II. AMPLITUDE MODULATION
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1. Signal With Quantized or Digital Information
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Continuous wave telegraphy | Bn = BK, K = 5 for fading circuits, K = 3 for non-fading circuits | 25 words per minute; B = 20, K = 5, Bandwidth: 100 Hz | 100HA1A
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Telegraphy by on-off keying of a tone modulated carrier | Bn = BK + 2M, K = 5 for fading circuits, K = 3 for non-fading circuits | 25 words per minute; B = 20, M = 1000, K = 5, Bandwidth: 2100 Hz = 2.1 kHz | 2K10A2A
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Selective calling signal, single-sideband full carrier | Bn = M | Maximum code frequency is: 2110 Hz, M = 2110, Bandwidth: 2110 Hz = 2.11 kHz | 2K11H2B
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Direct-printing telegraphy using a frequency shifted modulating sub-carrier single-sideband suppressed carrier | Bn = 2M + 2DK, M = B ÷ 2 | B = 50, D = 35 Hz (70 Hz shift), K = 1.2, Bandwidth: 134 Hz | 134HJ2B
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Telegraphy, single sideband reduced carrier | Bn = central frequency + M + DK, M = B ÷ 2 | 15 channels; highest central frequency is: 2805 Hz, B = 100, D = 42.5 Hz (85 Hz shift), K = 0.7 Bandwidth: 2.885 Hz = 2.885 kHz | 2K89R7B
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2. Telephony (Commercial Quality)
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Telephony double-sideband | Bn = 2M | M = 3000, Bandwidth = 6000 Hz = 6 kHz | 6K00A3E
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Telephony, single-sideband, full carrier | Bn = 2M | M = 3000, Bandwidth: 3000 Hz = 3 kHz | 3K00H3E
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Telephony, single-sideband suppressed carrier | Bn = M−lowest modulation frequency | M = 3000, lowest modulation frequency is 3000 Hz, 2700 Hz Bandwidth: 2700Hz = 2.7 kHz | 2K70J3E
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Telephony with separate frequency modulated signal to control the level of demodulated speech signal, single-sideband, reduced carrier | Bn = M | Maximum control frequency is 2990 Hz, M = 2990, Bandwidth: 2990 Hz = 2.99 kHz | 2K99R3E
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Telephony with privacy, single-sideband, suppressed carrier (two or more channels) | Bn = Nc M−lowest modulation frequency in the lowest channel | Nc = 2, M = 3000 lowest modulation frequency is 250 Hz, Bandwidth: 5750 Hz = 5.75 kHz | 5K75J8E
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Telephony, independent sideband (two or more channels) | Bn = sum of M for each sideband | 2 channels, M = 3000, Bandwidth: 6000 Hz = 6 kHz | 6K00B8E
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3. Sound Broadcasting
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Sound broadcasting, double-sideband | Bn = 2M, M may vary between 4000 and 10000 depending on the quality desired | Speech and music, M = 4000, Bandwidth: 8000 Hz= 8 kHz | 8K00A3E
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Sound broadcasting, single-sideband reduced carrier (single channel) | Bn = M, M may vary between 4000 and 10000 depending on the quality desired | Speech and music, M = 4000, Bandwidth: 4000 Hz= 4 kHz | 4K00R3E
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Sound broadcasting, single-sideband, suppressed carrier | Bn = M−lowest modulation frequency | Speech and music, M = 4500, lowest modulation frequency = 50 Hz, Bandwidth: 4450 Hz = 4.45 kHz | 4K45J3E
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4. Television
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Television, vision and sound | Refer to CCIR documents for the bandwidths of the commonly used television systems | Number of lines = 525; Nominal video bandwidth: 4.2 MHz, Sound carrier relative to video carrier = 4.5 MHz | 5M75C3F
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| | Total vision bandwidth: 5.75 MHz; FM aural bandwidth including guardbands: 250,000 Hz | 250KF3E
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| | Total bandwidth: 6 MHz | 6M25C3F
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5. Facsimile
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Analogue facsimile by sub-carrier frequency modulation of a single-sideband emission with reduced carrier | Bn = C−N ÷ 2 + DK, K = 1.1 (typically) | N = 1100, corresponding to an index of cooperation of 352 and a cycler rotation speed of 60 rpm. Index of cooperation is the product of the drum diameter and number of lines per unit length C = 1900, D = 400 Hz, Bandwidth = 2.890 Hz = 2.89 kHz | 2K89R3C
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Analogue facsimile; frequency modulation of an audio frequency sub-carrier which modulates the main carrier, single-sideband suppressed carrier | Bn = 2M + 2DK, M = N/2, K = 1.1 (typically) | N = 1100, D = 400 Hz, Bandwidth: 1980 Hz = 1.98 kHz | 1K98J3C
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6. Composite Emissions
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Double-sideband, television relay | Bn = 2C + 2M + 2D | Video limited to 5 MHz, audio on 6.5 MHz frequency modulated subcarrier deviation = 50 kHz: C = 6.5 × 10
6 D = 50 × 10
3 Hz, M = 15,000, Bandwidth: 13.13 × 10
6 Hz = 13.13 MHz | 13M2A8W
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Double-sideband radio relay system | Bn = 2M | 10 voice channels occupying baseband between 1 kHz and 164 kHz; M = 164,000 bandwith = 328,000 Hz = 328 kHz | 328KA8E
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Double-sideband emission of VOR with voice (VOR = VHF omnidirectional radio range) | Bn = 2Cmax + 2M + 2DK, K = 1 (typically) | The main carrier is modulated by: —a 30 Hz sub-carrier—a carrier resulting from a 9960 Hz tone frequency modulated by a 30 Hz tone—a telephone channel—a 1020 Hz keyed tone for continual Morse identification. Cmax = 9960, M = 30, D = 480 Hz, Bandwidth: 20,940 Hz = 20.94 kHz | 20K9A9W
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Independent sidebands; several telegraph channels together with several telephone channels | Bn = sum of M for each sideband | Normally composite systems are operated in accordance with standardized channel arrangements, (e.g. CCIR Rec. 348-2) 3 telephone channels and 15 telegraphy channels require the bandwidth 12,000 Hz = 12 kHz | 12K0B9W
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III-A. FREQUENCY MODULATION
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1. Signal With Quantized or Digital Information
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Telegraphy without error-correction (single channel) | Bn = 2M + 2DK, M = B ÷ 2, K = 1.2 (typically) | B = 100, D = 85 Hz (170 Hz shift), Bandwidth: 304 Hz | 304HF1B
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Four-frequency duplex telegraphy | Bn2M + 2DK, B = Modulation rate in bands of the faster channel. If the channels are synchronized: M = B ÷ 2, otherwise M = 2B, K = 1.1 (typically) | Spacing between adjacent frequencies = 400 Hz; Synchronized channels; B = 100, M = 50, D = 600 Hz, Bandwidth: 1420 Hz = 1.42 kHz | 1K42F7B
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2. Telephony (Commercial Quality)
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Commercial telephony | Bn = 2M + 2DK, K = 1 (typically, but under conditions a higher value may be necessary | For an average case of commercial telephony, M = 3,000, Bandwidth: 16,000 Hz = 16 kHz | 16K0F3E
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3. Sound Broadcasting
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Sound broadcasting | Bn = 2M + 2DK, K = 1 (typically) | Monaural, D = 75,000 Hz, M = 15,000, Bandwidth: 18,000 Hz = 180 kHz | 180KF3E
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4. Facsimile
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Facsimile by direct frequency modulation of the carrier; black and white | Bn = 2M + 2DK, M = N ÷ 2, K = 1.1 (typically) | N = 1100 elements/sec; D = 400 Hz, Bandwidth: 1980 Hz = 1.98 kHZ | 1K98F1C
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Analogue facsimile | Bn = 2M + 2DK, M = N ÷ 2, K = 1.1 (typically) | N = 1100 elements/sec; D = 400 Hz, Bandwidth: 1980 Hz = 1.98 kHz | 1K98F3C
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5. Composite Emissions (See Table III-B)
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Radio-relay system, frequency division multiplex | Bn = 2P + 2DK, K = 1 | Microwave radio relay system specifications: 60 telephone channels occupying baseband between 60 and 300 kHz; rms per-channel deviation 200 kHz; pilot at 331 kHz produces 200 kHz rms deviation of main carrier. Computation of Bn:D = (200 × 10
33 × 3.76 × 1.19), Hz = 0.895 × 10
6, P = 0.331 × 10
6 Hz; Bandwidth: 2.452 × 10
6 Hz | 2M45F8E
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Radio-relay system frequency division multiple | Bn = 2M + 2DK, K = 1 | Microwave radio relay relay systems specifications: 1200 telephone channels occupying baseband between 60 and 5564 kHz; rms per channel deviation 200 kHz; continunity pilot at 6199 kHz produces 140 kHz rms deviation of main carrier. Computation of Bn:D = (20
0 × 10
3 × 3.76 × 3.63) = 2.73 × 10
6; M = 5.64 × 10
6 Hz; P = 6.2 × 10
6 Hz; (2M + 2DK<2P; Bandwidth 16.59 × 10
6 Hz | 16M6F8E
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Radio-relay system, frequency division multiplex | Bn = 2P | Microwave radio relay system specifications: Multiplex 600 telephone channels occupying baseband between 60 and 2540 kHz; continuity pilot at 8500 kHz produces 140 kHz rms deviation of main carrier. Computation of Bn:D = (200 × 10
3 × 3.76 × 2.565) = 1.93 × 10
6 Hz; M = 2.54 × 10
6 Hz; 2DK)≤2P Bandwidth: 17 × 10
6 Hz | 17M0F8E
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Unmodulated pulse emission | Bn = 2K ÷ t, K depends upon the ratio of pulse rise time. Its value usually falls between 1 and 10 and in many cases it does not need to exceed 6 | Primary Radar Range resolution: 150 m, K = 1.5 (triangular pulse where t≃tr, only components down to 27 dB from the strongest are considered) Then t = 2 × range resolution ÷ velocity of light = 2 × 150 ÷ 3 × 10
8 = 1 × 10−6 seconds, Bandwidth: 3 × 10
6 Hz = 3 MHz | 3M00P0N
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6. Composite Emissions
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Radio-relay system | Bn = 2K ÷ t, K = 1.6 | Pulse position modulated by 36 voice channel baseband; pulse width at half amplitude = 0.4 us, Bandwidth: 8 × 10
6 Hz = 8 MHz (Bandwidth independent of the number of voice channels) | 8M00M7E
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Radio-relay system | Bn = 2K/t
K = 1.6 | Pulse position modulated by 36 voice channel baseband: pulse width at half amplitude 0.4 μS; Bn = 8 × 10
6 Hz = 8 MHz (Bandwidth independent of the number of voice channels) | 8M00M7E
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Composite transmission digital modulation using DSB-AM (Microwave radio relay system) | Bn = 2RK/log2S | Digital modulation used to send 5 megabits per second by use of amplitude modulation of the main carrier with 4 signaling states
R = 5 × 10
6 bits per second; K = 1; S = 4; Bn = 5 MHz | 5M00K7
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Binary Frequency Shift Keying | (0.03 <2D/R <1.0);
Bn = 3.86D + 0.27R
(1.0 <2D/R <2)
Bn = 2.4D + 1.0R | Digital modulation used to send 1 megabit per second by frequency shift keying with 2 signaling states and 0.75 MHz peak deviation of the carrier
R = 1 × 10
6 bps; D = 0.75 × 10
6 Hz; Bn = 2.8 MHz | 2M80F1D
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Multilevel Frequency Shift Keying | Bn = (R/log2S) + 2DK | Digital modulation to send 10 megabits per second by use of frequency shift keying with four signaling states and 2 MHz peak deviation of the main carrier
R = 10 × 10
6 bps; D = 2 MHz; K = 1; S = 4; Bn = 9 MHz | 9M00F7D
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Phase Shift Keying | Bn = 2RK/log2S | Digital modulation used to send 10 megabits per second by use of phase shift keying with 4 signaling states
R = 10 × 10
6 bps; K = 1; S = 4; Bn = 10 MHz | 10M0G7D
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) | Bn = 2R/log2S | 64 QAM used to send 135 Mbps has the same necessary bandwidth as 64-PSK used to send 135 Mbps;
R = 135 × 10
6 bps; S = 64; Bn = 45 MHz | 45M0W
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Minimum Shift Keying | 2-ary:
Bn = R(1.18)
4-ary:
Bn = R(2.34) | Digital modulation used to send 2 megabits per second using 2-ary minimum shift keying
R = 2.36 × 10
6 bps; Bn = 2.36 MHz | 2M36G1D |