(a) The test procedures prescribed in this subpart shall be used to test the performance of candidate methods for PM 10 against the performance specifications given in table D-1. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a test sampler or samplers representative of the sampler described in the candidate method must exhibit performance better than, or equal to, the specified value for each performance parameter, to satisfy the requirements of this subpart.
(b) For a candidate method using a PM 10 sampler previously approved as part of a designated PM 10 method, only the test for precision need be conducted and passed to satisfy the requirements of this subpart. For a candidate method using a PM 10 sampler inlet previously approved as part of a designated PM 10 method, the tests for precision and flow rate stability must be conducted and passed to satisfy the requirements of this subpart; the tests for sampling effectiveness and 50 percent cutpoint need not be conducted if suitable rationale is provided to demonstrate that test results submitted for the previously approved method are applicable to the candidate method.
(c) The liquid particle sampling effectiveness and 50 percent cutpoint of a test sampler shall be determined in a wind tunnel using 10 particle sizes and three wind speeds as specified in table D-2. A minimum of 3 replicate measurements of sampling effectiveness shall be required for each of the 30 test conditions for a minimum of 90 test measurements.
(d) For the liquid particle sampling effectiveness parameter, a smooth curve plot shall be constructed of sampling effectiveness (percent) versus aerodynamic particle diameter (µm) for each of the three wind speeds. These plots shall be used to calculate the expected mass concentration for the test sampler, using the procedure in § 53.43(a). The candidate method passes the liquid particle sampling effectiveness test if the expected mass concentration calculated for the test sampler at each wind speed differs by no more than ±10 percent from that predicted for the “ideal” sampler.*
* The sampling effectiveness curve for this “ideal” sampler is described by column 5 of table D-3 and is based on a model that approximates the penetration of particles into the human respiratory tract. Additional information on this model may be found in a document entitled, “Particle Collection Criteria for 10 Micrometer Samplers,” which is available from the Quality Assurance Division (MD-77), Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
(e) For the 50 percent cutpoint parameter, the test result for each wind speed shall be reported as the particle size at which the curve specified in § 53.40(d) crosses the 50 percent effectiveness line. The candidate method passes the 50 percent cutpoint test if the test result at each wind speed falls within 10±0.5 µm.
(f) The solid particle sampling effectiveness of a test sampler shall be determined in a wind tunnel using 25 µm particles at 2 wind speeds as specified in table D-2. A minimum of three replicate measurements of sampling effectiveness for the 25 µm solid particles shall be required at both wind speeds for a minimum of 6 test measurements.
(g) For the solid particle sampling effectiveness parameter, the test result for each wind speed shall be reported as the difference between the average of the replicate sampling effectiveness measurements obtained for the 25 µm solid particles and the average of the replicate measurements obtained for the 25 µm liquid particles. The candidate method passes the solid particle sampling effectiveness test if the test result for each wind speed is less than, or equal to, 5 percent.
(h) The precision and flow rate stability of three identical test samplers shall be determined at a suitable test site by simultaneously sampling the PM 10 concentration of the atmosphere for 10 periods of 24 hours.
(i) For the precision parameter, the test result for each of the 10 periods of 24 hours shall be calculated using the procedure in § 53.43(c). The candidate method passes the precision test if all of the test results meet the specifications in table D-1.
(j) For the flow rate stability parameter, the test results for each of the three test samplers and for each of the 10 periods of 24 hours shall be calculated using the procedure in § 53.43(d). The candidate method passes the flow rate stability test if all of the test results meet the specifications in table D-1.
(k) All test data and other documentation obtained from or pertinent to these tests shall be identified, dated, signed by the analyst performing the test, and submitted to EPA.
Table D-1—Performance Specifications for PM 10 Samplers
| Performance parameter
| Units
| Specification
|
|---|
| 1. Sampling effectiveness:
| | |
| A. Liquid particles | Percent | Such that the expected mass concentration is within ±10 percent of that predicted for the ideal sampler.
|
| B. Solid particles | Percent | Sampling effectiveness is no more than 5 percent above that obtained for liquid particles of same size.
|
| 2. 50 Percent cutpoint | µm | 10±µ.5 µm aerodynamic diameter.
|
| 3. Precision | µg/m
3 or percent | 5 µg/m
3 or 7 percent for three collocated samplers.
|
| 4. Flow rate stability | Percent | Average flow rate over 24 hours within ±5 percent of initial flow rate; all measured flow rates over 24 hours within ±10 percent of initial flow rate. |
(a) Set-up and start-up of all test samplers shall be in strict accordance with the operating instructions specified in the manual referred to in § 53.4(b)(3).
(b) If the internal surface or surfaces of the candidate method's sampler inlet on which the particles removed by the inlet are collected is a dry surface (i.e., not normally coated with oil or grease), those surfaces shall be cleaned prior to conducting wind tunnel tests with solid particles.
(c) Once the test sampler or samplers have been set up and the performance tests started, manual adjustment shall be permitted only between test points for the sampling effectiveness and 50 percent cutpoint tests or between test days for the precision and flow rate stability tests. The manual adjustments and any periodic maintenance shall be limited to only those procedures prescribed in the manual referred to in § 53.4(b)(3). The submitted records shall show clearly when any manual adjustment or periodic maintenance was made and shall describe the operations performed.
(d) If a test sampler malfunctions during any of the sampling effectiveness and 50 percent cutpoint tests, that test run shall be repeated. If a test sampler malfunctions during any of the precision and flow rate stability tests, that day's test shall be repeated. A detailed explanation of all malfunctions and the remedial actions taken shall be submitted to EPA with the application.
(a) A vibrating orifice aerosol generator shall be used to produce monodispersed liquid particles of oleic acid tagged with uranine dye and monodispersed solid particles of ammonium fluoroscein with equivalent aerodynamic diameters as specified in table D-2. The geometric standard deviation for each particle size and type generated shall not exceed 1.1 (for primary particles) and the proportion of multiplets (doublets and triplets) in a test particle atmosphere shall not exceed 10 percent. The particle delivery system shall consist of a blower system and a wind tunnel having a test section of sufficiently large cross-sectional area such that the test sampler, or portion thereof, as installed in the test section for testing, blocks no more than 15 percent of that area. To be acceptable, the blower system must be capable of achieving uniform wind speeds at the speeds specified in table D-2.
Table D-2—Particle Sizes and Wind Speeds for Sampling Effectiveness Tests
| Particle size (µm)
a
| Wind speed (km/hr)
|
|---|
| 2
| 8
| 24
|
|---|
| 3±0.5 | l | l | l
|
| 5±0.5 | l | l | l
|
| 7±0.5 | l | l | l
|
| 9±0.5 | l | l | l
|
| 10±0.5 | l | l | l
|
| 11±0.5 | l | l | l
|
| 13±1.0 | l | l | l
|
| 15±1.0 | l | l | l
|
| 20±1.0 | l | l | l
|
| 25±1.0 | l | l/s | l/s
|
(b) The size of the test particles delivered to the test section of the wind tunnel shall be established using the operating parameters of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator and shall be verified during the tests by microscopic examination of samples of the particles collected on glass slides or other suitable substrates. When sizing liquid particles on glass slides, the slides should be pretreated with an oleophobic surfactant and an appropriate flattening factor shall be used in the calculation of aerodynamic diameter. The particle size, as established by the operating parameters of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator, shall be within the tolerance specified in table D-2. The precision of the particle size verification technique shall be 0.5 µm or better, and particle size determined by the verification technique shall not differ by more than 0.5 µm or 10 percent, whichever is higher, from that established by the operating parameters of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator.
(c) The population of multiplets in a test particle atmosphere shall be determined during the tests and shall not exceed 10 percent. Solid particles shall be checked for dryness and evidence of breakage or agglomeration during the microscopic examination. If the solid particles in a test atmosphere are wet or show evidence of significant breakage or agglomeration (µ5 percent), the solid particle test atmosphere is unacceptable for purposes of these tests.
(d) The concentration of particles in the wind tunnel is not critical. However, the cross-sectional uniformity of the particle concentration in the sampling zone of the test section shall be established during the tests using isokinetic samplers. An array of not less than five evenly spaced isokinetic samplers shall be used to determine the particle concentration uniformity in the sampling zone. If the particle concentration measured by any single isokinetic sampler in the sampling zone differs by more than 10 percent from the mean concentration, the particle delivery system is unacceptable in terms of uniformity of particle concentration. The sampling zone shall be a rectangular area having a horizontal dimension not less than 1.2 times the width of the test sampler at its inlet opening and a vertical dimension not less than 25 centimeters. The sampling zone is an area in the test section of the wind tunnel that is horizontally and vertically symmetrical with respect to the test sampler inlet opening.
(e) The wind speed in the wind tunnel shall be determined during the tests using an appropriate technique capable of a precision of 5 percent or better (e.g., hot-wire anemometry). The mean wind speed in the test section of the wind tunnel during the tests shall be within 10 percent of the value specified in table D-2. The wind speed measured at any test point in the test section shall not differ by more than 10 percent from the mean wind speed in the test section. The turbulence intensity (longitudinal component and macroscale) in the test section shall be determined during the tests using an appropriate technique (e.g., hot-wire anemometry).
(f) The accuracy of all flow measurements used to calculate the test atmosphere concentrations and the test results shall be documented to be within ±2 percent, referenced to a primary standard. Any flow measurement corrections shall be clearly shown. All flow measurements shall be given in actual volumetric units.
(g) Schematic drawings of the particle delivery system (wind tunnel and blower system) and other information showing complete procedural details of the test atmosphere generation, verification, and delivery techniques shall be submitted to EPA. All pertinent calculations shall be clearly presented.
(a) Sampling effectiveness—(1) Technical definition. The ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the mass concentration of particles of a given size reaching the sampler filter or filters to the mass concentration of particles of the same size approaching the sampler.
(2) Test procedure. (i) Establish a wind speed specified in table D-2 and measure the wind speed and turbulence intensity (longitudinal component and macroscale) at a minimum of 12 test points in a cross-sectional area of the test section of the wind tunnel. The mean wind speed in the test section must be within ±10 percent of the value specified in table D-2 and the variation at any test point in the test section may not exceed 10 percent of the mean.
(ii) Generate particles of a size and type specified in table D-2 using a vibrating orifice aerosol generator. Check for the presence of satellites and adjust the generator as necessary. Calculate the aerodynamic particle size using the operating parameters of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator and record. The calculated aerodynamic diameter must be within the tolerance specified in table D-2.
(iii) Collect a sample of the particles on a glass slide or other suitable substrate at the particle injection point. If a glass slide is used, it should be pretreated with an appropriate oleophobic surfactant when collecting liquid particles. Use a microscopic technique to size a minimum of 25 primary particles in three viewing fields (do not include multiplets). Determine the geometric mean aerodynamic diameter and geometric standard deviation using the bulk density of the particle type (and an appropriate flattening factor for liquid particles if collected on a glass slide). The measured geometric mean aerodynamic diameter must be within 0.5 µm or 10 percent of the aerodynamic diameter calculated from the operating parameters of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator. The geometric standard deviation must not exceed 1.1.
(iv) Determine the population of multiplets (doublets and triplets) in the collected sample by counting a minimum of 100 particles in three viewing fields. The multiplet population of the particle test atmosphere must not exceed 10 percent.
(v) Introduce the particles into the wind tunnel and allow the particle concentration to stabilize.
(vi) Install an array of five or more evenly spaced isokinetic samplers in the sampling zone (see § 53.42(d)) of the wind tunnel. Collect particles on appropriate filters (e.g., glass fiber) over a time period such that the relative error of the measured particle concentration is less than 5 percent. Relative error is defined as (p × 100%)/(X), where p is the precision of the fluorometer on the appropriate range, X is the measured concentration, and the units of p and X are the same.
(vii) Determine the quantity of material collected with each isokinetic sampler in the array using a calibrated fluorometer. Calculate and record the mass concentration for each isokinetic sampler as:
where
i = replicate number and j = isokinetic sampler number.
(viii) Calculate and record the mean mass concentration as:
where
n = total number of isokinetic samplers.
(ix) Calculate and record the coefficient of variation of the mass concentration measurements as:
If the value of CViso(i) exceeds 0.10, the particle concentration uniformity is unacceptable and steps (vi) through (ix) must be repeated. If adjustment of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator or changes in the particle delivery system are necessary to achieve uniformity, steps (ii) through (ix) must be repeated. Remove the array of isokinetic samplers from the wind tunnel. NOTE: A single isokinetic sampler, operated at the same nominal flow rate as the test sampler, may be used in place of the array of isokinetic samplers for the determination of particle mass concentration used in the calculation of sampling effectiveness of the test sampler in step (xiii). In this case, the array of isokinetic samplers must be used to demonstrate particle concentration uniformity prior to the replicate measurements of sampling effectiveness.
(x) If a single isokinetic sampler is used, install the sampler in the wind tunnel with the sampler nozzle centered in the sampling zone (see § 53.42(d)). Collect particles on an appropriate filter (e.g., glass fiber) for a time period such that the relative error of the measured concentration (as defined in step (vi)) is less than 5 percent. Determine the quantity of material collected with the isokinetic sampler using a calibrated fluorometer. Calculate and record the mass concentration as Ciso(i) as in step vii. Remove the isokinetic sampler from the wind tunnel.
(xi) Install the test sampler (or portion thereof) in the wind tunnel with the sampler inlet opening centered in the sampling zone (see § 53.42(d)). To meet the maximum blockage limit of § 53.42(a) or for convenience, part of the test sampler may be positioned external to the wind tunnel provided that neither the geometry of the sampler nor the length of any connecting tube or pipe is altered. Collect particles on an appropriate filter or filters (e.g., glass fiber) for a time period such that the relative error of the measured concentration (as defined in step (vi)) is less than 5 percent.
(xii) Determine the quantity of material collected with the test sampler using a calibrated fluorometer. Calculate and record the mass concentration as:
where i = replicate number.
(xiii) Calculate and record the sampling effectiveness of the test sampler as:
where i = replicate number.
Note:
If a single isokinetic sampler is used for the determination of particle mass concentration, replace Ciso(i) with Ciso(i).
(xiv) Remove the test sampler from the wind tunnel. Repeat steps (vi) through (xiii), as appropriate, to obtain a minimum of three replicate measurements of sampling effectiveness.
(xv) Calculate and record the average sampling effectiveness of the test sampler as:
where n = number of replicates.
(xvi) Calculate and record the coefficient of variation for the replicate sampling effectiveness measurements of the test sampler as:
If the value of CVE exceeds 0.10, the test run (steps (ii) through (xvi)) must be repeated.
(xvii) Repeat steps i through xvi for each wind speed, particle size, and particle type specified in table D-2.
(xviii) For each of the three wind speeds (nominally 2, 8, and 24 km/hr), correct the liquid particle sampling effectiveness data for the presence of multiplets (doublets and triplets) in the test particle atmospheres.
(xix) For each wind speed, plot the corrected liquid particle sampling effectiveness of the test sampler (Ecorr) as a function of particle size (dp) on semi-logarithmic graph paper where dp is the particle size established by the operating parameters of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator. Construct a smooth curve through the data.
(xx) For each wind speed, calculate the expected mass concentration for the test sampler under the assumed particle size distribution and compare it to the mass concentration predicted for the ideal sampler, as follows:
(A) Extrapolate the upper and lower ends of the corrected liquid particle sampling effectiveness curve to 100 percent and 0 percent, respectively, using smooth curves. Assume that Ecorr = 100 percent at a particle size of 1.0 µm and Ecorr = 0 percent at a particle size of 50 µm.
(B) Determine the value of Ecorr at each of the particle sizes specified in the first column of table D-3. Record each Ecorr value as a decimal between 0 and 1 in the second column of table D-3.
(C) Multiply the values of Ecorr in column 2 by the interval mass concentration values in column 3 and enter the products in column 4 of table D-3.
(D) Sum the values in column 4 and enter the total as the expected mass concentration for the test sampler at the bottom of column 4 of table D-3.
(E) Calculate and record the percent difference in expected mass concentration between the test sampler and the ideal sampler as:
where:
Csam(exp) = expected mass concentration for the test sampler, µg/m
3
Cideal(exp) = expected mass concentration for the ideal sampler, µg/m
3 (calculated for the ideal sampler and given at the bottom of column 7 of table D-3.)
(F) The candidate method passes the liquid particle sampling effectiveness test if the Δ C value for each wind speed meets the specification in table D-1.
(xxi) For each of the two wind speeds (nominally 8 and 24 km/hr), calculate the difference between the average sampling effectiveness value for the 25 µm solid particles and the average sampling effectiveness value for the 25 µm liquid particles (uncorrected for multiplets).
(xxii) The candidate method passes the solid particle sampling effectiveness test if each such difference meets the specification in table D-1.
Table D-3—Expected Mass Concentration for PM 10 Samplers
| Particle size (um)
| Test sampler
| Ideal Sampler
|
|---|
Sampling
effectiveness
| Interval mass concentration (µg/m
3)
| Expected mass concentration (µg/m
3)
| Sampling
effectiveness
| Interval mass concentration (µg/m
3)
| Expected mass concentration (µg/m
3)
|
|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7)
|
| <1.0 | 1.000 | 62.813 | 62.813 | 1.000 | 62.813 | 62.813
|
| 1.5 | | 9.554 | | 0.949 | 9.554 | 9.067
|
| 02.0 | | 2.164 | | 0.942 | 2.164 | 2.038
|
| 02.5 | | 1.785 | | 0.933 | 1.785 | 1.665
|
| 03.0 | | 2.084 | | 0.922 | 2.084 | 1.921
|
| 03.5 | | 2.618 | | 0.909 | 2.618 | 2.380
|
| 04.0 | | 3.211 | | 0.893 | 3.211 | 2.867
|
| 04.5 | | 3.784 | | 0.876 | 3.784 | 3.315
|
| 05.0 | | 4.300 | | 0.857 | 4.300 | 3.685
|
| 05.5 | | 4.742 | | 0.835 | 4.742 | 3.960
|
| 06.0 | | 5.105 | | 0.812 | 5.105 | 4.145
|
| 06.5 | | 5.389 | | 0.786 | 5.389 | 4.236
|
| 07.0 | | 5.601 | | 0.759 | 5.601 | 4.251
|
| 07.5 | | 5.746 | | 0.729 | 5.746 | 4.189
|
| 08.0 | | 5.834 | | 0.697 | 5.834 | 4.066
|
| 08.5 | | 5.871 | | 0.664 | 5.871 | 3.898
|
| 09.0 | | 5.864 | | 0.628 | 5.864 | 3.683
|
| 09.5 | | 5.822 | | 0.590 | 5.822 | 3.435
|
| 10.0 | | 5.750 | | 0.551 | 5.750 | 3.168
|
| 10.5 | | 5.653 | | 0.509 | 5.653 | 2.877
|
| 11.0 | | 8.257 | | 0.465 | 8.257 | 3.840
|
| 12.0 | | 10.521 | | 0.371 | 10.521 | 3.903
|
| 13.0 | | 9.902 | | 0.269 | 9.902 | 2.664
|
| 14.0 | | 9.250 | | 0.159 | 9.250 | 1.471
|
| 15.0 | | 8.593 | | 0.041 | 8.593 | 0.352
|
| 16.0 | | 7.948 | | 0.000 | 7.948 | 0.000
|
| 17.0 | | 7.329 | | 0.000 | 7.329 | 0.000
|
| 18.0 | | 9.904 | | 0.000 | 9.904 | 0.000
|
| 20.0 | | 11.366 | | 0.000 | 11.366 | 0.000
|
| 22.0 | | 9.540 | | 0.000 | 9.540 | 0.000
|
| 24.0 | | 7.997 | | 0.000 | 7.997 | 0.000
|
| 26.0 | | 6.704 | | 0.000 | 6.704 | 0.000
|
| 28.0 | | 5.627 | | 0.000 | 5.627 | 0.000
|
| 30.0 | | 7.785 | | 0.000 | 7.785 | 0.000
|
| 35.0 | | 7.800 | | 0.000 | 7.800 | 0.000
|
| 40.0 | | 5.192 | | 0.000 | 5.192 | 0.000
|
| 45.0 | | 4.959 | | 0.000 | 4.959 | 0.000
|
| | | Csam(exp) = D | | | Cideal(exp) = | 143.889 |
(b) 50 Percent cutpoint—(1) Technical definition. The particle size for which the sampling effectiveness of the sampler is 50 percent.
(2) Test procedure. (i) From the corrected liquid particle sampling effectiveness curves for each of the three wind speeds, determine the particle size at which the curve crosses the 50 percent effectiveness line and record as D50 on the corresponding sampling effectiveness plot.
(ii) The candidate method passes the 50 percent cutpoint test if the D50 value at each wind speed meets the specification in table D-1.
(c) Precision—(1) Technical definition. The variation in the measured particle concentration among identical samplers under typical sampling conditions.
(2) Test procedure. (i) Set up three identical test samplers at the test site in strict accordance with the instructions in the manual referred to in § 53.4(b)(3). Locate the test sampler inlet openings at the same height and between 2 and 4 meters apart. The samplers shall be oriented in a manner that will minimize spatial and wind directional effects on sample collection. Perform a flow calibration for each test sampler in accordance with the instructions given in the instruction manual and/or appendix J to part 50 of this chapter. Set the operating flow rate to the value prescribed in the sampler instruction manual.
Note:
For candidate equivalent methods, this test may be used to satisfy part of the requirements of subpart C of this chapter. In that case, three reference method samplers are also used at the test site, measurements with the candidate and reference methods are compared as specified in § 53.34, and the test site must meet the requirements of § 53.30(b).
(ii) Measure the PM 10 concentration of the atmosphere using the three test samplers for 10 periods (test days) of 24 hours each. On each of the 10 test days, measure the initial and final flow rates of each test sampler. On three of the test days, measure the flow rate of each test sampler after 6, 12, and 18 hours of operation. All measurements of flow rate and mass collected must be made in accordance with the procedures prescribed in the sampler instruction manual and/or appendix J to part 50 of this chapter. All measurements of flow rate must be in actual volumetric units. Record the PM 10 concentration for each sampler and each test day as C(i)(j) where i is the sampler number and j is the test day.
(iii) For each test day, calculate and record the average of the three measured PM 10 concentrations as C(j) where j is the test day. If C(j)<30 µg/m
3 for any test day, data from that test day are unacceptable and the tests for that day must be repeated.
(iv) Calculate and record the precision for each of the 10 test days as:
if C
j is below 80 µg/m
3, or
if C
j is above 80 µg/m
3.
(v) The candidate method passes the precision test if all 10 Pj or RPj values meet the specifications in table D-1.
(d) Flow rate stability—(1) Technical definition. Freedom from variation in the operating flow rate of the sampler under typical sampling conditions.
(2) Test procedure. (i) For each of the three test samplers and each of the 10 test days of the precision test, record each measured flow rate as F(i)(j)(t), where i is the sampler number, j is the test day, and t is the time of flow rate measurement (t = 0, 6, 12, 18, or 24 hours).
(ii) For each sampler and for each test day, calculate and record the average flow rate as:
where n = number of flow rate measurements during the 24-hour test day.
(iii) For each sampler and for each test day, calculate and record the percent difference between the average flow rate and the initial flow rate as:
where F(i)(j)(0) is the initial flow rate (t = 0).
(iv) For each sampler and for each of the 3 test days on which flow measurements were obtained at 6-hour intervals throughout the 24-hour sampling period, calculate and record the percent differences between each measured flow rate and the initial flow rate as:
where t = 6, 12, 18, or 24 hours.
(v) The candidate method passes the flow rate stability test if all of the Δ F(i)(j) and Δ F(i)(j)(t) values meet the specifications in table D-1.
[52 FR 24729, July 1, 1987, as amended at 89 FR 16387, Mar. 6, 2024]