| Regulation
| Applicability
| Additional requirements or clarification
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| Part 91, Subpart A General
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| (a) Section 91.9(a) and (b) of this chapter | Applies to all powered-lift | The requirement for an approved Aircraft Flight Manual is set forth in the airworthiness criteria established under § 21.17(b) of this chapter.
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| Part 91, Subpart B Flight Rules
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| (b) Section 91.103(b)(1) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift for which an approved Aircraft Flight Manual containing takeoff and landing distance data is required
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| (c) Section 91.107(a)(3)(i) through (iii) of this chapter | Applies to all powered-lift | The exception under § 91.107(a)(3) of this chapter for seaplane and float equipped rotorcraft operations during movement on the surface applies to persons pushing off a powered-lift from the dock or persons mooring the powered-lift at the dock.
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| (d) Section 91.119(d) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift operating in vertical-lift flight mode | Under § 91.119(d) of this chapter, a powered-lift may be operated in vertical-lift flight mode at less than the minimums prescribed in § 91.119(b) or (c) of this chapter, provided each person operating the powered-lift complies with any routes or altitudes specifically prescribed for powered-lift by the FAA.
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| (e) Section 91.126(b)(1) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift operating in wing-borne flight mode | If the powered-lift is operating in vertical-lift flight mode, see paragraph (f) of this section.
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| (f) Section 91.126(b)(2) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift operating in vertical-lift flight mode | If the powered-lift is operating in wing-borne flight mode, see paragraph (e) of this section.
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| (g) Section 91.129(e)(1) and (2), (g)(2), and (h) of this chapter | Applies to large or turbine-powered powered-lift
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| (h) Section 91.129(e)(3) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift preparing to land in wing-borne flight mode
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| (i) Section 91.129(f)(1) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift operating in wing-borne flight mode | (1) If the powered-lift is operating in vertical-lift flight mode, see paragraph (j) of this section.
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| | | (2) Section 91.129(f)(1) of this chapter does not apply when the operator of a powered-lift is conducting a circling approach under part 97 of this chapter or when otherwise requested by air traffic control (ATC).
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| (j) Section 91.129(f)(2) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift operating in vertical-lift flight mode | (1) If the powered-lift is operating in wing-borne flight mode, see paragraph (i) of this section.
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| | | (2) Section 91.129(f)(2) does not apply when the operator of a powered-lift is conducting a circling approach under part 97 of this chapter or when otherwise requested by ATC.
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| (k) Section 91.131(a)(2) of this chapter | Applies to large powered-lift
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| (l) Section 91.151(a) and (b) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift | (1) A powered-lift with the performance capability, as outlined in the Aircraft Flight Manual, to conduct a landing in the vertical-lift flight mode along the entire route of flight may use the VFR fuel requirements outlined in § 91.151(b) of this chapter.
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| | | (2) Powered-lift unable to meet the requirements of paragraph (l)(1) of this section must use the rule requirements outlined in § 91.151(a) of this chapter.
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| (m) Section 91.155(a) of this chapter | The helicopter provision under § 91.155(a) of this chapter applies to powered-lift operating in vertical-lift flight mode and at a speed that allows the pilot to see any other traffic or obstructions in time to avoid a collision | (1) Except as provided in § 91.155(b) of this chapter, powered-lift that meet the requirements of paragraph (m) of this section may operate under the helicopter VFR visibility minimums outlined under § 91.155(a) of this chapter in class G airspace.
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| | | (2) Powered-lift unable to meet the requirements of paragraph (m) of this section must use the VFR visibility minimums in § 91.155(a) of this chapter for aircraft other than helicopters.
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| (n) Section 91.155(b)(1) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift operating in the vertical-lift flight mode and at a speed that allows the pilot to see any other traffic or obstructions in time to avoid a collision | (1) Powered-lift that meet the requirements of paragraph (n) of this section may use the VFR visibility minimums outlined in § 91.155(b)(1) of this chapter in Class G airspace.
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| | | (2) Powered-lift unable to meet the requirements of paragraph (n) of this section must use the visibility minimums outlined in § 91.155(b)(2) of this chapter.
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| (o) Section 91.155(b)(2) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift | Powered-lift operating in Class G airspace that cannot meet the requirements of paragraph (n) of this section must use the VFR visibility minimums outlined under § 91.155(b)(2) of this chapter.
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| (p) Section 91.157(b)(3), (b)(4), and (c) of this chapter | The helicopter exceptions outlined in § 91.157(b)(3), (b)(4), and (c) of this chapter apply to powered-lift operating in vertical-lift flight mode when those aircraft are operated at a speed that allows the pilot to see any other traffic or obstructions in time to avoid a collision
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| (q) Section 91.167(a)(3) and (b)(2)(ii) of this chapter | The helicopter provisions in § 91.167(a)(3) and (b)(2)(ii) of this chapter apply to powered-lift authorized to conduct copter procedures and that have the performance capability for the entire flight to conduct a landing in the vertical-lift flight mode, as outlined in the Aircraft Flight Manual | (1) Powered-lift that meet the requirements of paragraph (q) of this section may use the helicopter provisions under § 91.167(a)(3) and (b)(2)(ii) of this chapter.
(2) Powered-lift that are unable to meet the requirements outlined in paragraph (q) of this section must use the 45-minute fuel requirement outlined in § 91.167(a)(3) of this chapter and the aircraft requirement outlined in § 91.167(b)(2)(i) of this chapter.
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| (r) Section 91.169(b)(2)(ii) and (c)(1)(ii) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift authorized to conduct copter procedures and that have the performance capability to land in the vertical-lift flight mode, as outlined in the Aircraft Flight Manual | (1) Powered-lift that meet the requirements of paragraph (r) of this section may use the helicopter provisions specified in § 91.169(b)(2)(ii) and (c)(1)(ii) of this chapter.
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| | | (2) Powered-lift that are unable to meet the requirements outlined in paragraph (r) of this section must use the requirements for aircraft other than helicopters under § 91.169(b)(2)(i) and (c)(1)(i) of this chapter.
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| (s) Section 91.175(f)(2)(iii) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift with two engines or less, that takeoff in vertical-lift flight mode, and that are authorized to conduct copter procedures | Powered-lift with two engines or less that are unable to meet the requirements outlined in this paragraph (s) must comply with § 91.175(f)(2)(i) of this chapter.
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| (t) Section 91.175(f)(4)(i) of this chapter | Applies to part 135 of this chapter powered-lift operators required to comply with subpart I to part 135 of this chapter
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| Part 91, Subpart C Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements
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| (u) Section 91.205(b)(11) and (14) of this chapter | Applies to small powered-lift | Position and anti-collision lights must meet § 23.2530(b) of this chapter.
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| (v) Section 91.205(d)(3)(i) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift certified for instrument flight rules operations
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| (w) Section 91.207 of this chapter | Applies to all powered-lift
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| (x) Section 91.219 of this chapter | Applies to all powered-lift
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| (y) Section 91.223(a) and (c) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift configured with 6 or more passenger seats, excluding any pilot seat | Instead of terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS), powered-lift must be equipped with a helicopter terrain awareness and warning system (HTAWS) that meets the requirements in TSO-C194 and Section 2 of RTCA DO-309 (incorporated by reference, see § 194.109) or a FAA-approved TAWS A/HTAWS hybrid system.
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| Part 91, Subpart D Special Flight Operations
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| (z) Section 91.313(g) of this chapter | Applies to restricted category small powered-lift
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| Part 91, Subpart E Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations
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| (aa) Section 91.409(e) through (h) of this chapter | Applies to technically-advanced powered-lift which are powered-lift equipped with an electronically advanced system in which the pilot interfaces with a multi-computer system with increasing levels of automation in order to aviate, navigate, or communicate | (1) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a technically advanced powered-lift must be equipped with an electronically advanced multi-computer system that includes one or more of the following installed components:
(i) An electronic Primary Flight Display (PFD) that includes, at a minimum, an airspeed indicator, turn coordinator, attitude indicator, heading indicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator;
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| | | (ii) An electronic Multifunction Display (MFD) that includes, at a minimum, a moving map using Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation with the aircraft position displayed;
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| | | (iii) A multi-axis autopilot integrated with the navigation and heading guidance system; and
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| | | (iv) Aircraft design with advanced fly-by-wire-flight control system that utilizes electronically operated controls with no direct mechanical link from the pilot to the control surfaces.
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| | | (2) The display elements described in paragraphs (aa)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section must be continuously visible.
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| (bb) Section 91.411 of this chapter | Applies to all powered-lift
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| Part 91, Subpart F Large and Turbine-Powered Multiengine Airplanes and Fractional Ownership Program Aircraft
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| (cc) Section 91.501 of this chapter | Applies to large powered-lift regardless of powerplant, as well as powered-lift operating under subpart K to part 91 of this chapter, and subject to any limitations outlined in this part | Any sections or paragraphs within sections to subpart F to part 91 of this chapter that refer to a specific category of aircraft and that are not referenced in this table or the table to § 194.306, do not apply to powered-lift.
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| (dd) Section 91.503 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section | Powered-lift may comply with § 91.503(a)(5) of this chapter by having the appropriate engine or multiple-engines inoperative climb performance data available at the pilot station of the aircraft.
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| (ee) Section 91.505 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section
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| (ff) Section 91.507 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section
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| (gg) Section 91.509 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section | (1) Powered-lift operating over water under § 91.509(a) or (b) of this chapter may use either the nearest shore or the nearest off-shore heliport structure by which to measure the nautical mile limits provided in § 91.509(a) and (b).
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| | | (2) The lifeline required by § 91.509(b)(5) of this chapter must be stored in accordance with § 25.1411(g) of this chapter or such airworthiness criteria as the FAA may find provide an equivalent level of safety in accordance with § 21.17(b) of this chapter.
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| (hh) Section 91.511 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section | Powered-lift operating over water under § 91.511(a) of this chapter may use either the nearest shore or the nearest off-shore heliport structure by which to measure the nautical mile limits provided in § 91.511(a).
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| (ii) Section 91.513 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section
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| (jj) Section 91.515 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section
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| (kk) Section 91.517 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section
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| (ll) Section 91.519 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section
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| (mm) Section 91.521 of this chapter | Applies to large powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section | The safety belt and shoulder harness required by § 91.521 of this chapter must comply with § 25.785 of this chapter or such airworthiness criteria as the FAA may find provide an equivalent level of safety in accordance with § 21.17(b) of this chapter.
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| (nn) Section 91.523 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift having a seating capacity of more than 19 passengers subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section | The carry-on baggage required by § 91.523 of this chapter must be stowed such that it can withstand the inertia forces specified in § 25.561(b)(3) of this chapter or such airworthiness criteria as the FAA may find provide an equivalent level of safety in accordance with § 21.17(b) of this chapter.
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| (oo) Section 91.525 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section
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| (pp) Section 91.527(a) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section | (1) Powered-lift critical surfaces, as outlined in the Aircraft Flight Manual for that aircraft, must also be determined to be free of frost, ice, or snow.
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| | | (2) Powered-lift critical surfaces under this section are determined by the manufacturer.
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| (qq) Section 91.527(b)(2) and (3) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section | Instead of § 91.527(b)(2) and (3) of this chapter, to operate instrument flight rules (IFR) into known light or moderate icing conditions or VFR into known light or moderate icing conditions, an operator must comply with § 194.306(xx).
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| (rr) Section 91.527(c) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section | No pilot may fly a powered-lift into known or forecast severe icing conditions.
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| (ss) Section 91.531(a)(1) and (2), (b), and (c) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section and that meet the additional requirements as set forth in each paragraph of § 91.531 of this chapter; § 91.531(b)(2) of this chapter applies to large powered-lift that meet the additional requirements set forth in that paragraph
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| (tt) Section 91.533 of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart F to part 91 of this chapter as specified in paragraph (cc) of this section
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| Part 91, Subpart G Additional Equipment and Operating Requirements for Large and Transport Category Aircraft
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| (uu) Section 91.603 of this chapter | Applies to large powered-lift | The aural speed warning device required by § 91.603 of this chapter must comply with § 25.1303(c)(1) of this chapter or such airworthiness criteria as the FAA may find provide an equivalent level of safety in accordance with § 21.17(b) of this chapter.
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| (vv) Section 91.605(b)(1) of this chapter | Applies to large powered-lift | The Aircraft Flight Manual must contain the takeoff weight performance information.
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| (ww) Section 91.605(b)(2) of this chapter | Applies to large powered-lift | The Aircraft Flight Manual must contain the landing performance information.
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| (xx) Section 91.605(b)(3), (b)(4)(ii), and (c) of this chapter | Applies to large powered-lift that execute takeoff operations using wing-borne lift and that have takeoff performance information contained in the Aircraft Flight Manual
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| (yy) Section 91.609(c), (d), (e), (i), and (j) of this chapter | Paragraph (c) of § 91.609 of this chapter applies to powered-lift with a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seats, of 10 or more seats; § 91.609(e) of this chapter applies to powered-lift with a passenger seating configuration of six or more seats and for which two pilots are required by type certification or operating rule; § 91.609(d) of this chapter applies to powered-lift required by that section to have a flight data recorder; and § 91.609(i) and (j) of this chapter apply to powered-lift required by that section to have a cockpit voice recorder and a flight data recorder | (1) Operators of powered-lift having a passenger seating configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of 10 or more must comply with § 194.310 or § 194.311 in lieu of the appendices referenced in § 91.609(c)(1) of this chapter.
(2) For compliance with § 91.609(c)(3), (e)(1), and (i) of this chapter, powered-lift must comply with the certification provisions listed in those paragraphs or such airworthiness criteria as the FAA may find provide an equivalent level of safety in accordance with § 21.17(b) of this chapter.
(3) Under § 91.609(d) of this chapter, the flight recorder must operate continuously from the earlier of when the powered-lift begins the takeoff roll or begins lift-off until the later of when the powered-lift completes the landing roll or lands at its destination.
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| (zz) Section 91.613(b)(2) of this chapter | Applies to large powered-lift | The thermal/acoustic installation materials required by § 91.613(b)(2) of this chapter must meet the requirements of § 25.856 of this chapter or such airworthiness criteria as the FAA may find provide an equivalent level of safety in accordance with § 21.17(b) of this chapter.
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| Part 91, Subpart K Fractional Ownership Operations
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| (aaa) Section 91.1037 of this chapter | Applies to large powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart K to part 91 of this chapter that are certificated to conduct landing operations in wing-borne flight mode as indicated in the Aircraft Flight Manual | If a powered-lift operator is required to comply with this section, the operator must also comply with § 91.1025(o)(7) of this chapter.
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| (bbb) Section 91.1041(b) and (d) of this chapter | Applies to all powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart K to part 91 of this chapter
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| (ccc) Section 91.1045(a) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart K to part 91 of this chapter with a passenger-seat configuration of more than 30 seats or a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds | Under § 91.1045(a)(3) of this chapter, instead of TAWS, powered-lift must be equipped with a helicopter terrain awareness and warning system (HTAWS) that meets the requirements in TSO-C194 and Section 2 of RTCA DO-309 (incorporated by reference, see § 194.109) or a FAA-approved TAWS A/HTAWS hybrid system.
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| (ddd) Section 91.1045(b) of this chapter | Applies to powered-lift subject to the requirements of subpart K to part 91 of this chapter with a passenger-seat configuration of 30 seats or fewer, excluding each crewmember, and a payload capacity of 7,500 pounds or less | Compliance with § 91.1045(b)(3) of this chapter requires a helicopter terrain awareness and warning system that complies with § 194.306(s). |