| Technology description
| Performance and/or design and operating standard
| Contaminant restrictions
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| A. Extraction Technologies:
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| 1. Physical Extraction
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| a. Abrasive Blasting: Removal of contaminated debris surface layers using water and/or air pressure to propel a solid media (e.g., steel shot, aluminum oxide grit, plastic beads) | Glass, Metal, Plastic, Rubber: Treatment to a clean debris surface.
3
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood: Removal of at least 0.6 cm of the surface layer; treatment to a clean debris surface.
3 | All Debris: None.
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| b. Scarification, Grinding, and Planing: Process utilizing striking piston heads, saws, or rotating grinding wheels such that contaminated debris surface layers are removed | Same as above | Same as above.
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| c. Spalling: Drilling or chipping holes at appropriate locations and depth in the contaminated debris surface and applying a tool which exerts a force on the sides of those holes such that the surface layer is removed. The surface layer removed remains hazardous debris subject to the debris treatment standards | Same as above | Same as above.
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| d. Vibratory Finishing: Process utilizing scrubbing media, flushing fluid, and oscillating energy such that hazardous contaminants or contaminated debris surface layers are removed.
4 | Same as above | Same as above.
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| e. High Pressure Steam and Water Sprays: Application of water or steam sprays of sufficient temperature, pressure, residence time, agitation, surfactants, and detergents to remove hazardous contaminants from debris surfaces or to remove contaminated debris surface layers | Same as above | Same as above.
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| 2. Chemical Extraction
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| a. Water Washing and Spraying: Application of water sprays or water baths of sufficient temperature, pressure, residence time, agitation, surfactants, acids, bases, and detergents to remove hazardous contaminants from debris surfaces and surface pores or to remove contaminated debris surface layers | All Debris: Treatment to a clean debris surface
3;
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood: Debris must be no more than 1.2 cm (
1/2 inch) in one dimension (i.e., thickness limit,
5 except that this thickness limit may be waived under an “Equivalent Technology” approval under § 268.42(b);
8 debris surfaces must be in contact with water solution for at least 15 minutes | Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood: Contaminant must be soluble to at least 5% by weight in water solution or 5% by weight in emulsion; if debris is contaminated with a dioxin-listed waste,
6 an “Equivalent Technology” approval under § 268.42(b) must be obtained.
8
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| b. Liquid Phase Solvent Extraction: Removal of hazardous contaminants from debris surfaces and surface pores by applying a nonaqueous liquid or liquid solution which causes the hazardous contaminants to enter the liquid phase and be flushed away from the debris along with the liquid or liquid solution while using appropriate agitation, temperature, and residence time.
4 | Same as above | Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood: Same as above, except that contaminant must be soluble to at least 5% by weight in the solvent.
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| c. Vapor Phase Solvent Extraction: Application of an organic vapor using sufficient agitation, residence time, and temperature to cause hazardous contaminants on contaminated debris surfaces and surface pores to enter the vapor phase and be flushed away with the organic vapor.
4 | Same as above, except that brick, cloth, concrete, paper, pavement, rock and wood surfaces must be in contact with the organic vapor for at least 60 minutes | Same as above.
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| 3. Thermal Extraction
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| a. High Temperature Metals Recovery: Application of sufficient heat, residence time, mixing, fluxing agents, and/or carbon in a smelting, melting, or refining furnace to separate metals from debris | For refining furnaces, treated debris must be separated from treatment residuals using simple physical or mechanical means,
9 and, prior to further treatment, such residuals must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris | Debris contaminated with a dioxin-listed waste:
5 Obtain an “Equivalent Technology” approval under § 268.42(b).
8
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| b. Thermal Desorption: Heating in an enclosed chamber under either oxidizing or nonoxidizing atmospheres at sufficient temperature and residence time to vaporize hazardous contaminants from contaminated surfaces and surface pores and to remove the contaminants from the heating chamber in a gaseous exhaust gas.
7 | All Debris: Obtain an “Equivalent Technology” approval under § 268.42(b);
8 treated debris must be separated from treatment residuals using simple physical or mechanical means,
9 and, prior to further treatment, such residue must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood: Debris must be no more than 10 cm (4 inches) in one dimension (i.e., thickness limit),
5 except that this thickness limit may be waived under the “Equivalent Technology” approval | All Debris: Metals other than mercury.
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| B. Destruction Technologies:
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| 1. Biological Destruction (Biodegradation): Removal of hazardous contaminants from debris surfaces and surface pores in an aqueous solution and biodegradation of organic or nonmetallic inorganic compounds (i.e., inorganics that contain phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur) in units operated under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions | All Debris: Obtain an “Equivalent Technology” approval under § 268.42(b);
8 treated debris must be separated from treatment residuals using simple physical or mechanical means,
9 and, prior to further treatment, such residue must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood: Debris must be no more than 1.2 cm (
1/2 inch) in one dimension (i.e., thickness limit),
5 except that this thickness limit may be waived under the “Equivalent Technology” approval | All Debris: Metal contaminants.
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| 2. Chemical Destruction
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| a. Chemical Oxidation: Chemical or electrolytic oxidation utilizing the following oxidation reagents (or waste reagents) or combination of reagents—(1) hypochlorite (e.g., bleach); (2) chlorine; (3) chlorine dioxide; (4) ozone or UV (ultraviolet light) assisted ozone; (5) peroxides; (6) persulfates; (7) perchlorates; (8) permanganates; and/or (9) other oxidizing reagents of equivalent destruction efficiency.
4 Chemical oxidation specifically includes what is referred to as alkaline chlorination | All Debris: Obtain an “Equivalent Technology” approval under § 268.42(b);
8 treated debris must be separated from treatment residuals using simple physical or mechanical means,
9 and, prior to further treatment, such residue must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris
Brick, Cloth, Concrete, Paper, Pavement, Rock, Wood: Debris must be no more than 1.2 cm (
1/2 inch) in one dimension (i.e., thickness limit),
5 except that this thickness limit may be waived under the “Equivalent Technology” approval | All Debris: Metal contaminants.
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| b. Chemical Reduction: Chemical reaction utilizing the following reducing reagents (or waste reagents) or combination of reagents: (1) sulfur dioxide; (2) sodium, potassium, or alkali salts of sulfites, bisulfites, and metabisulfites, and polyethylene glycols (e.g., NaPEG and KPEG); (3) sodium hydrosulfide; (4) ferrous salts; and/or (5) other reducing reagents of equivalent efficiency.
4 | Same as above | Same as above.
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| 3. Thermal Destruction: Treatment in an incinerator operating in accordance with Subpart O of Parts 264 or 265 of this chapter; a boiler or industrial furnace operating in accordance with Subpart H of Part 266 of this chapter, or other thermal treatment unit operated in accordance with Subpart X, Part 264 of this chapter, or Subpart P, Part 265 of this chapter, but excluding for purposes of these debris treatment standards Thermal Desorption units | Treated debris must be separated from treatment residuals using simple physical or mechanical means,
9 and, prior to further treatment, such residue must meet the waste-specific treatment standards for organic compounds in the waste contaminating the debris | Brick, Concrete, Glass, Metal, Pavement, Rock, Metal: Metals other than mercury, except that there are no metal restrictions for vitrification.
Debris contaminated with a dioxin-listed waste.
6 Obtain an “Equivalent Technology” approval under § 268.42(b),
8 except that this requirement does not apply to vitrification.
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| C. Immobilization Technologies:
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| 1. Macroencapsulation: Application of surface coating materials such as polymeric organics (e.g., resins and plastics) or use of a jacket of inert inorganic materials to substantially reduce surface exposure to potential leaching media | Encapsulating material must completely encapsulate debris and be resistant to degradation by the debris and its contaminants and materials into which it may come into contact after placement (leachate, other waste, microbes) | None.
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| 2. Microencapsulation: Stabilization of the debris with the following reagents (or waste reagents) such that the leachability of the hazardous contaminants is reduced: (1) Portland cement; or (2) lime/pozzolans (e.g., fly ash and cement kiln dust). Reagents (e.g., iron salts, silicates, and clays) may be added to enhance the set/cure time and/or compressive strength, or to reduce the leachability of the hazardous constituents.
5 | Leachability of the hazardous contaminants must be reduced | None.
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| 3. Sealing: Application of an appropriate material which adheres tightly to the debris surface to avoid exposure of the surface to potential leaching media. When necessary to effectively seal the surface, sealing entails pretreatment of the debris surface to remove foreign matter and to clean and roughen the surface. Sealing materials include epoxy, silicone, and urethane compounds, but paint may not be used as a sealant | Sealing must avoid exposure of the debris surface to potential leaching media and sealant must be resistent to degradation by the debris and its contaminants and materials into which it may come into contact after placement (leachate, other waste, microbes) | None.
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