The text of section 2411 of this title, which was transferred to this section by Pub. L. 116–283, § 1872(a)(2), was based on Pub. L. 98–525, title XII, § 1241(a)(1), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2605; Pub. L. 99–145, title IX, § 919(a), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 691; Pub. L. 99–500, § 101(c) [title X, § 956(a)], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–82, 1783–174, and Pub. L. 99–591, § 101(c) [title X, § 956(a)], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–82, 3341–174; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title IX, formerly title IV, § 956(a), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3954, renumbered title IX, Pub. L. 100–26, § 3(5), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 273; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VIII, § 807(b), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1128; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VIII, § 841(b)(2), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2025; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VIII, § 853(e), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1519; Pub. L. 102–25, title VII, § 701(j)(5), Apr. 6, 1991, 105 Stat. 116; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title X, § 1052(31), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2501; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, § 1081(a)(36), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1596; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title VIII, § 852(a), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1511.

Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title XVII, § 1701(m)(1), (3), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2144, 2145, amended Pub. L. 116–283, § 1872(a)(1)(B), (2)–(4), which had originally added this section and transferred to subsecs. (a) to (c) thereof the text of sections 2412, 2411, and 2420 of this title, respectively. After amendment by Pub. L. 117–81, section 1872(a)(1)(B) of Pub. L. 116–283 reenacted this section, and section 1872(a)(2)–(4) of Pub. L. 116–283 instead transferred sections 2411, 2412, and 2420 to this section, section 4952, and section 4953 of this title, respectively.

2023—Par. (1)(C). Pub. L. 118–31, § 853(a)(1), substituted “nonprofit organization” for “private, nonprofit organization”.

Par. (5). Pub. L. 118–31, § 853(a)(2), added par. (5).

2021—Pub. L. 117–81, § 1701(m)(3), which directed amendment of section “1872(a)(B)” of Pub. L. 116–283, was executed as if it had referred to section “1872(a)(1)(B)” of Pub. L. 116–283, which enacted this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 116–283, § 1872(a)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 117–81, § 1701(m)(1)(A), transferred the text of section 2411 of this title to this section.

Amendment by Pub. L. 117–81 applicable as if included in the enactment of title XVIII of Pub. L. 116–283 as enacted, see section 1701(a)(2) of Pub. L. 117–81, set out in a note preceding section 3001 of this title and Effective Date note below.

Section and amendment by Pub. L. 116–283 effective Jan. 1, 2022, with additional provisions for delayed implementation and applicability of existing law, see section 1801(d) of Pub. L. 116–283, set out as an Effective Date of 2021 Amendment note preceding section 3001 of this title.