2010—Par. (1). Pub. L. 111–327, which directed amendment of par. (1) by inserting “is” after “States”, was executed by making the insertion only in introductory provisions to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Section effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under this title before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as an Effective Date of 2005 Amendment note under section 101 of this title.