1988—Pub. L. 100–647 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: “Except as otherwise expressly provided in this chapter, no deduction shall be allowed for personal, living, or family expenses.”

Pub. L. 100–647, title V, § 5073(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3682, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1988.”