The Assistive Technology Act of 1998, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(C)(i), (G)(i), is Pub. L. 105–394, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3627, which is classified principally to chapter 31 (§ 3001 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3001 of this title and Tables.

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(D)(i)(III), is Pub. L. 101–336, July 26, 1990, 104 Stat. 327, which is classified principally to chapter 126 (§ 12101 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 12101 of Title 42 and Tables.

Provisions similar to this section were contained in section 762 of this title prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 105–220.

A prior section 764, Pub. L. 93–112, title II, § 204, Sept. 26, 1973, 87 Stat. 376, provided that a full report on research and training activities be included in annual report to Congress, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 95–602, title I, § 109(3), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2963.

2014—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(1)(A), substituted “fund” for “pay” and “employment, education, independent living, health and wellness,” for “employment, independent living,” and inserted “have practical applications and” before “maximize”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(1)(B)(i), inserted “and from which the research findings, conclusions, or recommendations can be transferred to practice” after “State agencies”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(1)(B)(ii)(I), added cl. (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: “studies and analysis of industrial, vocational, social, recreational, psychiatric, psychological, economic, and other factors affecting rehabilitation of individuals with disabilities;”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(1)(B)(ii)(II), substituted “have significant challenges engaging in community life outside their homes and individuals who are in institutional settings;” for “are homebound and individuals who are institutionalized;”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(1)(B)(ii)(III), inserted “, including the principles of universal design and the interoperability of products and services” after “disabilities”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(v). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(1)(B)(ii)(IV), inserted “, and to promoting employment opportunities in competitive integrated employment” after “employment”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(1)(B)(ii)(VI), substituted “, assistive technology, and communications technology; and” for “and assistive technology.”

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(viii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(1)(B)(ii)(V), (VII), added cl. (viii).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(1)(C), added par. (3).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(A), substituted “(17)” for “(18)” in two places.

Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(i), (ii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(i), added cls. (i) and (ii) and struck out former cls. (i) and (ii) which read as follows:

“(i) be operated in collaboration with institutions of higher education or providers of rehabilitation services or other appropriate services; and

“(ii) serve as centers of national excellence and national or regional resources for providers and individuals with disabilities and the individuals’ representatives.”

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(ii)(I), inserted “independent living and” after “research in” and after “will improve” and substituted “maximize health and function (including alleviating or stabilizing conditions, or preventing secondary conditions), and promote maximum social and economic independence of individuals with disabilities, including promoting the ability of the individuals to prepare for, secure, retain, regain, or advance in employment;” for “alleviate or stabilize disabling conditions, and promote maximum social and economic independence of individuals with disabilities, especially promoting the ability of the individuals to prepare for, secure, retain, regain, or advance in employment;”.

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(ii)(III), added cl. (ii). Former cl. (ii) redesignated (iii).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(ii)(IV), inserted “independent living and” before “rehabilitation services”.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(ii)(II), redesignated cl. (ii) as (iii). Former cl. (iii) redesignated (iv).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(ii)(V), inserted “independent living and” before “rehabilitation” in two places and struck out “and” at end.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(ii)(II), redesignated cl. (iii) as (iv). Former cl. (iv) redesignated (v).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(v). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(ii)(VI), added cl. (v) and struck out former cl. (v) which read as follows: “serving as an informational and technical assistance resource to providers, individuals with disabilities, and the individuals’ representatives, through conferences, workshops, public education programs, in-service training programs, and similar activities.”

Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(ii)(II), redesignated cl. (iv) as (v).

Subsec. (b)(2)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(ii)(VI), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (b)(2)(C)(i). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(iii)(I), inserted “, including research on assistive technology devices, assistive technology services, and accessible electronic and information technology devices” after “rehabilitation research”.

Subsec. (b)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(iii)(II), substituted “, social, and economic” for “and social” and inserted “independent living and” before “rehabilitation”.

Subsec. (b)(2)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(iii)(V), substituted “that promotes the emotional, social, educational, and functional growth of children who are individuals with disabilities, as well as their integration in school, employment, and community activities;” for “to develop and evaluate interventions, policies, and services that support families of those children and adults who are individuals with disabilities; and”.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(iii)(III), (IV), redesignated cl. (v) as (iii) and struck out former cl. (iii) which read as follows: “research related to vocational rehabilitation;”.

Subsec. (b)(2)(C)(iv). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(iii)(VI), substituted “to develop and evaluate interventions, policies, and services that support families of those children and adults who are individuals with disabilities;” for “that will improve services and policies that foster the productivity, independence, and social integration of individuals with disabilities, and enable individuals with disabilities, including individuals with intellectual disabilities and other developmental disabilities, to live in their communities.”

Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(iii)(III), (IV), redesignated cl. (vi) as (iv) and struck out former cl. (iv) which read as follows: “continuation of research that promotes the emotional, social, educational, and functional growth of children who are individuals with disabilities;”.

Subsec. (b)(2)(C)(v), (vi). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(iii)(VII), added cls. (v) and (vi). Former cls. (v) and (vi) redesignated (iii) and (iv), respectively.

Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(iv), added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: “Training of students preparing to be rehabilitation personnel shall be an important priority for such a Center.”

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(v), struck out “comprehensive” after “both”.

Subsec. (b)(2)(G)(i). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(vi), inserted “independent living and” before “rehabilitation-related”.

Subsec. (b)(2)(I). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(vii), (viii), redesignated subpar. (J) as (I) and struck out former subpar. (I) which read as follows: “The Director shall encourage the Centers to develop practical applications for the findings of the research of the Centers.”

Subsec. (b)(2)(J) to (N). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(B)(viii), redesignated subpars. (K) to (O) as (J) to (N), respectively. Former subpar. (J) redesignated (I).

Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(C)(i), inserted “independent living strategies and” before “rehabilitation technology”.

Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(i)(I). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(C)(ii)(I), inserted “independent living and” before “rehabilitation problems”.

Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(C)(ii)(II), substituted “educational, employment,” for “employment”.

Subsec. (b)(3)(B)(iii)(II). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(C)(ii)(III), substituted “educational, employment,” for “employment”.

Subsec. (b)(3)(D)(i)(II). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(C)(iii), substituted “postsecondary education, competitive integrated employment, and other age-appropriate” for “postschool”.

Subsec. (b)(3)(G)(ii). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(C)(iv), inserted “the impact of any commercialized product researched or developed through the Center,” after “individuals with disabilities,”.

Subsec. (b)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(D)(i), substituted “independent living, employment,” for “vocational” and “unique” for “special” and inserted “social and functional needs, and” before “acute care”.

Subsec. (b)(4)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(D)(ii), inserted “education, health and wellness,” after “employment,”.

Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(E), added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: “Research grants may be used to conduct a program of joint projects with the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Health Services Administration, the Administration on Aging, the National Science Foundation, the Veterans’ Administration, the Department of Health and Human Services, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, other Federal agencies, and private industry in areas of joint interest involving rehabilitation.”

Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(F), (G), redesignated par. (10) as (9) and struck out former par. (9) which read as follows: “Research grants may be used to conduct a program of research related to the rehabilitation of children, or older individuals, who are individuals with disabilities, including older American Indians who are individuals with disabilities. Such research program may include projects designed to assist the adjustment of, or maintain as residents in the community, older workers who are individuals with disabilities on leaving the workforce.”

Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(G), redesignated par. (12) as (10). Former par. (10) redesignated (9).

Subsec. (b)(11). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(H)(i), substituted “employment needs, opportunities, and outcomes (including those relating to self-employment, supported employment, and telecommuting) of individuals with disabilities, including” for “employment needs of individuals with disabilities, including” in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(F), (G), redesignated par. (13) as (11) and struck out former par. (11) which read as follows: “Research grants may be used to conduct a model research and demonstration project designed to assess the feasibility of establishing a center for producing and distributing to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing captioned video cassettes providing a broad range of educational, cultural, scientific, and vocational programming.”

Subsec. (b)(11)(B). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(H)(ii), inserted “and employment related” after “the employment”.

Subsec. (b)(11)(G) to (L). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(H)(iii)–(v), added subpars. (G) to (L).

Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(I)(i), (iii), in introductory provisions, inserted “an independent living or” after “conduct” and, in concluding provisions, substituted “National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research” for “National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research”.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(G), redesignated par. (14) as (12). Former par. (12) redesignated (10).

Subsec. (b)(12)(D). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(I)(ii), inserted “independent living or” before “rehabilitation”.

Subsec. (b)(13). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(J), inserted “independent living and” before “rehabilitation needs”.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(G), redesignated par. (15) as (13). Former par. (13) redesignated (11).

Subsec. (b)(14). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(K), substituted “, full participation, and economic self-sufficiency.” for “and access to gainful employment.”

Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(G), redesignated par. (16) as (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (12).

Subsec. (b)(15) to (18). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(2)(G), redesignated pars. (17) and (18) as (15) and (16), respectively. Former pars. (15) and (16) redesignated (13) and (14), respectively.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 113–128, § 435(3), added subsec. (d).

2010—Subsec. (b)(2)(C)(vi). Pub. L. 111–256 substituted “intellectual disabilities and other developmental disabilities” for “mental retardation and other developmental disabilities”.

1998—Pub. L. 105–277 made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 105–220, § 405, which enacted this section.

Subsec. (b)(3)(C)(i), (G)(i). Pub. L. 105–394 substituted “the Assistive Technology Act of 1998” for “the Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals With Disabilities Act of 1988 (29 U.S.C. 2201 et seq.)”.

For meaning of references to an intellectual disability and to individuals with intellectual disabilities in provisions amended by section 2 of Pub. L. 111–256, see section 2(k) of Pub. L. 111–256, set out as a note under section 1400 of Title 20, Education.