The Hostage Relief Act of 1980, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d), is Pub. L. 96–449, Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1967, which was formerly set out as a note under section 5561 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section 5003(c) of the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (d), is section 5003(c) of Pub. L. 110–252, which is set out as a note under section 3301 of this title.

2021—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–315, § 1002(b)(5)(A), substituted “section 3319 and paragraph (8), (9), or (10) of section 3311 of this title” for “sections 3311(b)(8) and 3319”.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 116–315, § 1002(b)(5)(B), substituted “paragraph (8), (9), or (10) of section 3311 of this title” for “section 3311(b)(8)”.

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 116–315, § 1002(b)(5)(C), substituted “either chapter 35 or paragraph (8), (9), or (10) of section 3311” for “either section 3311(b)(8) or chapter 35”.

2017—Subsecs. (e), (f), (h)(2). Pub. L. 115–48 substituted “3311(b)(8)” for “3311(b)(9)”.

2011—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–377, § 202(a), inserted “or section 510” after “or 1607”.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 111–377, § 111(a), added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–377, § 111(b), added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 111–377, § 111(c), added subsec. (g).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 111–377, § 111(d), added subsec. (h).

Amendment by Pub. L. 116–315 effective immediately after the amendments made by section 105 of Pub. L. 115–48 [amendments effective Aug. 1, 2020] and applicable with respect to a quarter, semester, or term, commencing on or after Aug. 1, 2021, see section 1002(c) of Pub. L. 116–315, set out as a note under section 3311 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–48 effective Aug. 1, 2020, see section 105(d) of Pub. L. 115–48, set out as a note under section 3311 of this title.

Pub. L. 111–377, title I, § 111(e), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 4121, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on August 1, 2011.”

Pub. L. 111–377, title II, § 202(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 4124, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 3681 of this title] shall take effect on August 1, 2011.”

Section effective Aug. 1, 2009, see section 5003(d) of Pub. L. 110–252, set out as an Effective Date of 2008 Amendment note under section 16163 of Title 10, Armed Forces.