42 USC 1395yy - Payment to skilled nursing facilities for routine service costs

U.S Code last checked for updates: Nov 22, 2024

§ 1395yy.

Payment to skilled nursing facilities for routine service costs

(a)

Per diem limitations

The Secretary, in determining the amount of the payments which may be made under this subchapter with respect to routine service costs of extended care services shall not recognize as reasonable (in the efficient delivery of health services) per diem costs of such services to the extent that such per diem costs exceed the following per diem limits, except as otherwise provided in this section:

(1)

With respect to freestanding skilled nursing facilities located in urban areas, the limit shall be equal to 112 percent of the mean per diem routine service costs for freestanding skilled nursing facilities located in urban areas.

(2)

With respect to freestanding skilled nursing facilities located in rural areas, the limit shall be equal to 112 percent of the mean per diem routine service costs for freestanding skilled nursing facilities located in rural areas.

(3)

With respect to hospital-based skilled nursing facilities located in urban areas, the limit shall be equal to the sum of the limit for freestanding skilled nursing facilities located in urban areas, plus 50 percent of the amount by which 112 percent of the mean per diem routine service costs for hospital-based skilled nursing facilities located in urban areas exceeds the limit for freestanding skilled nursing facilities located in urban areas.

(4)

With respect to hospital-based skilled nursing facilities located in rural areas, the limit shall be equal to the sum of the limit for freestanding skilled nursing facilities located in rural areas, plus 50 percent of the amount by which 112 percent of the mean per diem routine service costs for hospital-based skilled nursing facilities located in rural areas exceeds the limit for freestanding skilled nursing facilities located in rural areas.

In applying this subsection the Secretary shall make appropriate adjustments to the labor related portion of the costs based upon an appropriate wage index, and shall, for cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 1992, on or after October 1, 1995, and every 2 years thereafter, provide for an update to the per diem cost limits described in this subsection, except that the limits effective for cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 1997, shall be based on the limits effective for cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 1996.

(b)

Excess overhead allocations for hospital-based facilities

(c)

Adjustments in limitations; publication of data

(d)

Access to skilled nursing facilities

(1)

Subject to subsection (e), any skilled nursing facility may choose to be paid under this subsection on the basis of a prospective payment for all routine service costs (including the costs of services required to attain or maintain the highest practicable physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being of each resident eligible for benefits under this subchapter) and capital-related costs of extended care services provided in a cost reporting period if such facility had, in the preceding cost reporting period, fewer than 1,500 patient days with respect to which payments were made under this subchapter. Such prospective payment shall be in lieu of payments which would otherwise be made for routine service costs pursuant to section 1395x(v) of this title and subsections (a) through (c) of this section and capital-related costs pursuant to section 1395x(v) of this title. This subsection shall not apply to a facility for any cost reporting period immediately following a cost reporting period in which such facility had 1,500 or more patient days with respect to which payments were made under this subchapter, without regard to whether payments were made under this subsection during such preceding cost reporting period.

(2)

(A)

The amount of the payment under this section shall be determined on a per diem basis.

(B)

Subject to the limitations of subparagraph (C), for skilled nursing facilities located—

(i)

in an urban area, the amount shall be equal to 105 percent of the mean of the per diem reasonable routine service and capital-related costs of extended care services for skilled nursing facilities in urban areas within the same region, determined without regard to the limitations of subsection (a) and adjusted for different area wage levels, and

(ii)

in a rural area the amount shall be equal to 105 percent of the mean of the per diem reasonable routine service and capital-related costs of extended care services for skilled nursing facilities in rural areas within the same region, determined without regard to the limitations of subsection (a) and adjusted for different area wage levels.

(C)

The per diem amounts determined under subparagraph (B) shall not exceed the limit on routine service costs determined under subsection (a) with respect to the facility, adjusted to take into account average capital-related costs with respect to the type and location of the facility.

(3)

For purposes of this subsection, urban and rural areas shall be determined in the same manner as for purposes of subsection (a), and the term “region” shall have the same meaning as under section 1395ww(d)(2)(D) of this title.

(4)

The Secretary shall establish the prospective payment amounts for cost reporting periods beginning in a fiscal year at least 90 days prior to the beginning of such fiscal year, on the basis of the most recent data available for a 12-month period. A skilled nursing facility must notify the Secretary of its intention to be paid pursuant to this subsection for a cost reporting period no later than 30 days before the beginning of that period.

(5)

The Secretary shall provide for a simplified cost report to be filed by facilities being paid pursuant to this subsection, which shall require only the cost information necessary for determining prospective payment amounts pursuant to paragraph (2) and reasonable costs of ancillary services.

(6)

In lieu of payment on a cost basis for ancillary services provided by a facility which is being paid pursuant to this subsection, the Secretary may pay for such ancillary services on a reasonable charge basis if the Secretary determines that such payment basis will provide an equitable level of reimbursement and will ease the reporting burden of the facility.

(7)

In computing the rates of payment to be made under this subsection, there shall be taken into account the costs described in the last sentence of section 1395x(v)(1)(E) of this title (relating to compliance with nursing facility requirements and of conducting nurse aide training and competency evaluation programs and competency evaluation programs).

(e)

Prospective payment

(1)

Payment provision

Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, subject to paragraphs (7), (11), and (12), the amount of the payment for all costs (as defined in paragraph (2)(B)) of covered skilled nursing facility services (as defined in paragraph (2)(A)) for each day of such services furnished—

(A)

in a cost reporting period during the transition period (as defined in paragraph (2)(E)), is equal to the sum of—

(i)

the non-Federal percentage of the facility-specific per diem rate (computed under paragraph (3)), and

(ii)

the Federal percentage of the adjusted Federal per diem rate (determined under paragraph (4)) applicable to the facility; and

(B)

after the transition period is equal to the adjusted Federal per diem rate applicable to the facility.

(2)

Definitions

For purposes of this subsection:

(A)

Covered skilled nursing facility services

(i)

In general

The term “covered skilled nursing facility services”—

(I)

means post-hospital extended care services as defined in section 1395x(i) of this title for which benefits are provided under part A; and

(II)

includes all items and services (other than items and services described in clauses (ii), (iii), and (iv)) for which payment may be made under part B and which are furnished to an individual who is a resident of a skilled nursing facility during the period in which the individual is provided covered post-hospital extended care services.

(ii)

Services excluded

(iii)

Exclusion of certain additional items and services

Items and services described in this clause are the following:

(I)

Ambulance services furnished to an individual in conjunction with renal dialysis services described in section 1395x(s)(2)(F) of this title.

(II)

Chemotherapy items (identified as of July 1, 1999, by HCPCS codes J9000–J9020; J9040–J9151; J9170–J9185; J9200–J9201; J9206–J9208; J9211; J9230–J9245; and J9265–J9600 (and as subsequently modified by the Secretary)) and any additional chemotherapy items identified by the Secretary.

(III)

Chemotherapy administration services (identified as of July 1, 1999, by HCPCS codes 36260–36262; 36489; 36530–36535; 36640; 36823; and 96405–96542 (and as subsequently modified by the Secretary)) and any additional chemotherapy administration services identified by the Secretary.

(IV)

Radioisotope services (identified as of July 1, 1999, by HCPCS codes 79030–79440 (and as subsequently modified by the Secretary)) and any additional radioisotope services identified by the Secretary.

(V)

Customized prosthetic devices (commonly known as artificial limbs or components of artificial limbs) under the following HCPCS codes (as of July 1, 1999 (and as subsequently modified by the Secretary)), and any additional customized prosthetic devices identified by the Secretary, if delivered to an inpatient for use during the stay in the skilled nursing facility and intended to be used by the individual after discharge from the facility: L5050–L5340; L5500–L5611; L5613–L5986; L5988; L6050–L6370; L6400–L6880; L6920–L7274; and L7362–7366.

(VI)

Blood clotting factors indicated for the treatment of patients with hemophilia and other bleeding disorders (identified as of July 1, 2020, by HCPCS codes J7170, J7175, J7177–J7183, J7185–J7190, J7192–J7195, J7198–J7203, J7205, J7207–J7211, and as subsequently modified by the Secretary) and items and services related to the furnishing of such factors under section 1395u(o)(5)(C) of this title, and any additional blood clotting factors identified by the Secretary and items and services related to the furnishing of such factors under such section.

(iv)

Exclusion of certain rural health clinic and federally qualified health center services

Services described in this clause are—

(I)

rural health clinic services (as defined in paragraph (1) of section 1395x(aa) of this title); and

(II)

federally qualified health center services (as defined in paragraph (3) of such section);

that would be described in clause (ii) if such services were furnished by an individual not affiliated with a rural health clinic or a federally qualified health center.

(B)

All costs

(C)

Non-Federal percentage; Federal percentage

For—

(i)

the first cost reporting period (as defined in subparagraph (D)) of a facility, the “non-Federal percentage” is 75 percent and the “Federal percentage” is 25 percent;

(ii)

the next cost reporting period of such facility, the “non-Federal percentage” is 50 percent and the “Federal percentage” is 50 percent; and

(iii)

the subsequent cost reporting period of such facility, the “non-Federal percentage” is 25 percent and the “Federal percentage” is 75 percent.

(D)

First cost reporting period

(E)

Transition period

(i)

In general

(ii)

Treatment of new skilled nursing facilities

(3)

Determination of facility specific per diem rates

The Secretary shall determine a facility-specific per diem rate for each skilled nursing facility not described in paragraph (2)(E)(ii) for a cost reporting period as follows:

(A)

Determining base payments

The Secretary shall determine, on a per diem basis, the total of—

(i)

the allowable costs of extended care services for the facility for cost reporting periods beginning in fiscal year 1995, including costs associated with facilities described in subsection (d), with appropriate adjustments (as determined by the Secretary) to non-settled cost reports or, in the case of a facility participating in the Nursing Home Case-Mix and Quality Demonstration (RUGS–III), the RUGS–III rate received by the facility during the cost reporting period beginning in 1997, and

(ii)

an estimate of the amounts that would be payable under part B (disregarding any applicable deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments) for covered skilled nursing facility services described in paragraph (2)(A)(i)(II) furnished during the applicable cost reporting period described in clause (i) to an individual who is a resident of the facility, regardless of whether or not the payment was made to the facility or to another entity.

In making appropriate adjustments under clause (i), the Secretary shall take into account exceptions and shall take into account exemptions but, with respect to exemptions, only to the extent that routine costs do not exceed 150 percent of the routine cost limits otherwise applicable but for the exemption.

(B)

Update to first cost reporting period

(C)

Updating to applicable cost reporting period

(D)

Facility-specific update factor

For purposes of this paragraph, the “facility-specific update factor” for cost reporting periods beginning during—

(i)

during each of fiscal years 1998 and 1999, is equal to the skilled nursing facility market basket percentage increase for such fiscal year minus 1 percentage point, and

(ii)

during each subsequent fiscal year is equal to the skilled nursing facility market basket percentage increase for such fiscal year.

(4)

Federal per diem rate

(A)

Determination of historical per diem for facilities

For each skilled nursing facility that received payments for post-hospital extended care services during a cost reporting period beginning in fiscal year 1995 and that was subject to (and not exempted from) the per diem limits referred to in paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) (and facilities described in subsection (d)), the Secretary shall estimate, on a per diem basis for such cost reporting period, the total of—

(i)

the allowable costs of extended care services (excluding exceptions payments) for the facility for cost reporting periods beginning in 1995 with appropriate adjustments (as determined by the Secretary) to non-settled cost reports, and

(ii)

an estimate of the amounts that would be payable under part B (disregarding any applicable deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments) for covered skilled nursing facility services described in paragraph (2)(A)(i)(II) furnished during such period to an individual who is a resident of the facility, regardless of whether or not the payment was made to the facility or to another entity.

(B)

Update to first fiscal year

(C)

Computation of standardized per diem rate

The Secretary shall standardize the amount updated under subparagraph (B) for each facility by—

(i)

adjusting for variations among facilities by area in the average facility wage level per diem, and

(ii)

adjusting for variations in case mix per diem among facilities.

(D)

Computation of weighted average per diem rates

(i)

All facilities

(ii)

Freestanding facilities

(iii)

Separate computation

(E)

Updating

(i)

Initial period

(ii)

Subsequent fiscal years

The Secretary shall compute an unadjusted Federal per diem rate equal to the Federal per diem rate computed under this subparagraph—

(I)

for fiscal year 2000, the rate computed for the initial period described in clause (i), increased by the skilled nursing facility market basket percentage change for the initial period minus 1 percentage point;

(II)

for fiscal year 2001, the rate computed for the previous fiscal year increased by the skilled nursing facility market basket percentage change for the fiscal year;

(III)

for each of fiscal years 2002 and 2003, the rate computed for the previous fiscal year increased by the skilled nursing facility market basket percentage change for the fiscal year involved minus 0.5 percentage points; and

(IV)

for each subsequent fiscal year, the rate computed for the previous fiscal year increased by the skilled nursing facility market basket percentage change for the fiscal year involved.

(F)

Adjustment for case mix creep

(G)

Determination of Federal rate

The Secretary shall compute for each skilled nursing facility for each fiscal year (beginning with the initial period described in subparagraph (E)(i)) an adjusted Federal per diem rate equal to the unadjusted Federal per diem rate determined under subparagraph (E), as adjusted under subparagraph (F), and as further adjusted as follows:

(i)

Adjustment for case mix

(ii)

Adjustment for geographic variations in labor costs

(iii)

Adjustment for exclusion of certain additional items and services

(H)

Publication of information on per diem rates

The Secretary shall provide for publication in the Federal Register, before May 1, 1998 (with respect to fiscal period described in subparagraph (E)(i)) and before the August 1 preceding each succeeding fiscal year (with respect to that succeeding fiscal year), of—

(i)

the unadjusted Federal per diem rates to be applied to days of covered skilled nursing facility services furnished during the fiscal year,

(ii)

the case mix classification system to be applied under subparagraph (G)(i) with respect to such services during the fiscal year, and

(iii)

the factors to be applied in making the area wage adjustment under subparagraph (G)(ii) with respect to such services.

(5)

Skilled nursing facility market basket index and percentage

For purposes of this subsection:

(A)

Skilled nursing facility market basket index

(B)

Skilled nursing facility market basket percentage

(i)

In general

(ii)

Adjustment

(iii)

Special rule for fiscal year 2018

(iv)

Special rule for fiscal year 2019

(6)

Reporting of assessment and quality data

(A)

Reduction in update for failure to report

(i)

In general

(ii)

Special rule

(iii)

Noncumulative application

(B)

Assessment and measure data

(i)

In general

A skilled nursing facility, or a facility (other than a critical access hospital) described in paragraph (7)(B), shall submit to the Secretary, in a manner and within the timeframes prescribed by the Secretary—

(I)

subject to clause (iii), the resident assessment data necessary to develop and implement the rates under this subsection;

(II)

for fiscal years beginning on or after the specified application date (as defined in subsection (a)(2)(E) of section 1395lll of this title), as applicable with respect to skilled nursing facilities and quality measures under subsection (c)(1) of such section and measures under subsection (d)(1) of such section, data on such quality measures under such subsection (c)(1) and any necessary data specified by the Secretary under such subsection (d)(1); and

(III)

for fiscal years beginning on or after October 1, 2018, standardized patient assessment data required under subsection (b)(1) of section 1395lll of this title.

(ii)

Use of standard instrument

(iii)

Non-duplication

(7)

Treatment of medicare swing bed hospitals

(A)

Transition

(B)

Facilities described

(C)

Exemption from PPS of swing-bed services furnished in critical access hospitals

(8)

Limitation on review

There shall be no administrative or judicial review under section 1395ff of this title, 1395oo of this title, or otherwise of—

(A)

the establishment of Federal per diem rates under paragraph (4), including the computation of the standardized per diem rates under paragraph (4)(C), adjustments and corrections for case mix under paragraphs (4)(F) and (4)(G)(i), adjustments for variations in labor-related costs under paragraph (4)(G)(ii), and adjustments under paragraph (4)(G)(iii);

(B)

the establishment of facility specific rates before July 1, 1999 (except any determination of costs paid under part A of this subchapter); and

(C)

the establishment of transitional amounts under paragraph (7).

(9)

Payment for certain services

(10)

Required coding

(11)

Permitting facilities to waive 3-year transition

(12)

Adjustment for residents with AIDS

(A)

In general

(B)

Sunset

(f)

Reporting of direct care expenditures

(1)

In general

(2)

Modification of form

(3)

Categorization by functional accounts

Not later than 30 months after March 23, 2010, the Secretary, working in consultation with the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, the Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission, the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, and other expert parties the Secretary determines appropriate, shall take the expenditures listed on cost reports, as modified under paragraph (1), submitted by skilled nursing facilities and categorize such expenditures, regardless of any source of payment for such expenditures, for each skilled nursing facility into the following functional accounts on an annual basis:

(A)

Spending on direct care services (including nursing, therapy, and medical services).

(B)

Spending on indirect care (including housekeeping and dietary services).

(C)

Capital assets (including building and land costs).

(D)

Administrative services costs.

(4)

Availability of information submitted

(g)

Skilled nursing facility readmission measure

(1)

Readmission measure

(2)

Resource use measure

(3)

Measure adjustments

(4)

Pre-rulemaking process (measure application partnership process)

(5)

Feedback reports to skilled nursing facilities

(6)

Public reporting of skilled nursing facilities

(A)

In general

(B)

Opportunity to review

(C)

Timing

(7)

Non-application of Paperwork Reduction Act

(h)

Skilled nursing facility value-based purchasing program

(1)

Establishment

(A)

In general

(B)

Program to begin in fiscal year 2019

(C)

Exclusions

With respect to payments for services furnished on or after October 1, 2022

(i)

cases for the measures that apply to the facility for the performance period for the applicable fiscal year; or

(ii)

measures that apply to the facility for the performance period for the applicable fiscal year.

(2)

Application of measures

(A)

In general

The Secretary—

(i)

shall apply the measure specified under subsection (g)(1) for purposes of the SNF VBP Program; and

(ii)

may, with respect to payments for services furnished on or after October 1, 2023, apply additional measures determined appropriate by the Secretary, which may include measures of functional status, patient safety, care coordination, or patient experience.

Subject to the succeeding sentence, in the case that the Secretary applies additional measures under clause (ii), the Secretary shall consider and apply, as appropriate, quality measures specified under section 1395lll(c)(1) of this title. In no case may the Secretary apply more than 10 measures under this subparagraph.

(B)

Replacement

(3)

Performance standards

(A)

Establishment

(B)

Higher of achievement and improvement

(C)

Timing

(4)

SNF performance score

(A)

In general

(B)

Ranking of SNF performance scores

(5)

Calculation of value-based incentive payments

(A)

In general

(B)

Value-based incentive payment amount

The value-based incentive payment amount for services furnished by a skilled nursing facility in a fiscal year shall be equal to the product of—

(i)

the adjusted Federal per diem rate determined under subsection (e)(4)(G) otherwise applicable to such skilled nursing facility for such services furnished by the skilled nursing facility during such fiscal year; and

(ii)

the value-based incentive payment percentage specified under subparagraph (C) for the skilled nursing facility for such fiscal year.

(C)

Value-based incentive payment percentage

(i)

In general

(ii)

Requirements

In specifying the value-based incentive payment percentage for each skilled nursing facility for a fiscal year under clause (i), the Secretary shall ensure that—

(I)

such percentage is based on the SNF performance score of the skilled nursing facility provided under paragraph (4) for the performance period for such fiscal year;

(II)

the application of all such percentages in such fiscal year results in an appropriate distribution of value-based incentive payments under subparagraph (B) such that—

(aa)

skilled nursing facilities with the highest rankings under paragraph (4)(B) receive the highest value-based incentive payment amounts under subparagraph (B);

(bb)

skilled nursing facilities with the lowest rankings under paragraph (4)(B) receive the lowest value-based incentive payment amounts under subparagraph (B); and

(cc)

in the case of skilled nursing facilities in the lowest 40 percent of the ranking under paragraph (4)(B), the payment rate under subparagraph (A) for services furnished by such facility during such fiscal year shall be less than the payment rate for such services for such fiscal year that would otherwise apply under subsection (e)(4)(G) without application of this subsection; and

(III)

the total amount of value-based incentive payments under this paragraph for all skilled nursing facilities in such fiscal year shall be greater than or equal to 50 percent, but not greater than 70 percent, of the total amount of the reductions to payments for such fiscal year under paragraph (6), as estimated by the Secretary.

(6)

Funding for value-based incentive payments

(A)

In general

(B)

Applicable percent

(7)

Announcement of net result of adjustments

(8)

No effect in subsequent fiscal years

(9)

Public reporting

(A)

SNF specific information

The Secretary shall make available to the public, by posting on the Nursing Home Compare Medicare website (or a successor website) described in section 1395i–3(i) of this title in an easily understandable format, information regarding the performance of individual skilled nursing facilities under the SNF VBP Program, with respect to a fiscal year, including—

(i)

the SNF performance score of the skilled nursing facility for such fiscal year; and

(ii)

the ranking of the skilled nursing facility under paragraph (4)(B) for the performance period for such fiscal year.

(B)

Aggregate information

The Secretary shall periodically post on the Nursing Home Compare Medicare website (or a successor website) described in section 1395i–3(i) of this title aggregate information on the SNF VBP Program, including—

(i)

the range of SNF performance scores provided under paragraph (4)(A); and

(ii)

the number of skilled nursing facilities receiving value-based incentive payments under paragraph (5) and the range and total amount of such value-based incentive payments.

(10)

Limitation on review

There shall be no administrative or judicial review under section 1395ff of this title, section 1395oo of this title, or otherwise of the following:

(A)

The methodology used to determine the value-based incentive payment percentage and the amount of the value-based incentive payment under paragraph (5).

(B)

The determination of the amount of funding available for such value-based incentive payments under paragraph (5)(C)(ii)(III) and the payment reduction under paragraph (6).

(C)

The establishment of the performance standards under paragraph (3) and the performance period.

(D)

The methodology developed under paragraph (4) that is used to calculate SNF performance scores and the calculation of such scores.

(E)

The ranking determinations under paragraph (4)(B).

(11)

Funding for program management

The Secretary shall provide for the one time transfer from the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund established under section 1395i of this title to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Program Management Account of—

(A)

for purposes of subsection (g)(2), $2,000,000; and

(B)

for purposes of implementing this subsection, $10,000,000.

Such funds shall remain available until expended.

(12)

Validation

(A)

In general

(B)

Funding

(Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, title XVIII, § 1888, as added Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, title III, § 2319(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1082; amended Pub. L. 99–272, title IX, §§ 9126(a), (b), 9219(b)(1)(C), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 168, 170, 182; Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, § 1895(b)(7)(A), (B), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2933; Pub. L. 100–203, title IV, § 4201(b)(2), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–174; Pub. L. 101–508, title IV, § 4008(e)(2), (h)(2)(A)(ii), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–45, 1388–48; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13503(a)(2), (3)(A), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 578; Pub. L. 105–33, title IV, §§ 4431, 4432(a), (b)(3), (5)(H), 4511(a)(2)(E), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 414, 421, 422, 442; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(6) [title I, §§ 102(a), 103(a), (b), 104(a), 105(a), title III, § 321(g)(1), (k)(18)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–325 to 1501A–327, 1501A–366, 1501A–368; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(6) [title II, § 203(a), title III, § 311(a)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–481, 2763A–497; Pub. L. 108–173, title IV, § 410(a), title V, § 511(a), Dec. 8, 2003, 117 Stat. 2271, 2298; Pub. L. 110–275, title I, § 149(b), July 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 2549; Pub. L. 111–148, title III, § 3401(b), title VI, § 6104, Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 481, 711; Pub. L. 113–93, title II, § 215(a), (b), Apr. 1, 2014, 128 Stat. 1048, 1049; Pub. L. 113–185, § 2(c)(4)(A), Oct. 6, 2014, 128 Stat. 1965; Pub. L. 114–10, title IV, § 411(a), Apr. 16, 2015, 129 Stat. 161; Pub. L. 115–123, div. E, title XII, § 53111, Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 304; Pub. L. 116–260, div. CC, title I, §§ 111(a), 134(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2944, 2977; Pub. L. 117–328, div. FF, title IV, § 4121(a)(4), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5903.)

cite as: 42 USC 1395yy

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