2000—Pub. L. 106–505 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

1993—Pub. L. 103–43 inserted at end “Such term does not include research on the efficacy of services to prevent, diagnose, or treat medical conditions.”

Section effective Oct. 1, 1992, with provision for programs providing financial assistance, see section 801(c), (d) of Pub. L. 102–321, set out as an Effective Date of 1992 Amendment note under section 236 of this title.