42 USC 15907 - Orphaned well site plugging, remediation, and restoration

U.S Code last checked for updates: Nov 22, 2024

§ 15907.

Orphaned well site plugging, remediation, and restoration

(a)

Definitions

In this section:

(1)

Federal land

The term “Federal land” means land administered by a land management agency within—

(A)

the Department of Agriculture; or

(B)

the Department of the Interior.

(2)

Idled well

The term “idled well” means a well—

(A)

that has been nonoperational for not fewer than 4 years; and

(B)

for which there is no anticipated beneficial future use.

(3)

Indian Tribe

(4)

Operator

(5)

Orphaned well

The term “orphaned well”—

(A)

with respect to Federal land or Tribal land, means a well—

(i)

 So in original. No cl. (ii) has been enacted.

 (I) that is not used for an authorized purpose, such as production, injection, or monitoring; and

(II)

(aa)

for which no operator can be located;

(bb)

the operator of which is unable—

(AA)

to plug the well; and

(BB)

to remediate and reclaim the well site; or

(cc)

that is within the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska; and

(B)

with respect to State or private land—

(i)

has the meaning given the term by the applicable State; or

(ii)

if that State uses different terminology, has the meaning given another term used by the State to describe a well eligible for plugging, remediation, and reclamation by the State.

(6)

Tribal land

The term “Tribal land” means any land or interest in land owned by an Indian Tribe, the title to which is—

(A)

held in trust by the United States; or

(B)

subject to a restriction against alienation under Federal law.

(b)

Federal program

(1)

Establishment

(2)

Included activities

The program under this subsection shall—

(A)

include a method of—

(i)

identifying, characterizing, and inventorying orphaned wells and associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure on Federal land; and

(ii)

ranking those orphaned wells for priority in plugging, remediation, and reclamation, based on—

(I)

public health and safety;

(II)

potential environmental harm; and

(III)

other subsurface impacts or land use priorities;

(B)

distribute funding in accordance with the priorities established under subparagraph (A)(ii) for—

(i)

plugging orphaned wells;

(ii)

remediating and reclaiming well pads and facilities associated with orphaned wells;

(iii)

remediating soil and restoring native species habitat that has been degraded due to the presence of orphaned wells and associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure; and

(iv)

remediating land adjacent to orphaned wells and decommissioning or removing associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure;

(C)

provide a public accounting of the costs of plugging, remediation, and reclamation for each orphaned well;

(D)

seek to determine the identities of potentially responsible parties associated with the orphaned well (or a surety or guarantor of such a party), to the extent such information can be ascertained, and make efforts to obtain reimbursement for expenditures to the extent practicable;

(E)

measure or estimate and track—

(i)

emissions of methane and other gases associated with orphaned wells; and

(ii)

contamination of groundwater or surface water associated with orphaned wells; and

(F)

identify and address any disproportionate burden of adverse human health or environmental effects of orphaned wells on communities of color, low-income communities, and Tribal and indigenous communities.

(3)

Idled wells

The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Bureau of Land Management, shall—

(A)

periodically review all idled wells on Federal land; and

(B)

reduce the inventory of idled wells on Federal land.

(4)

Cooperation and consultation

In carrying out the program under this subsection, the Secretary shall—

(A)

work cooperatively with—

(i)

the Secretary of Agriculture;

(ii)

affected Indian Tribes; and

(iii)

each State within which Federal land is located; and

(B)

consult with—

(i)

the Secretary of Energy; and

(ii)

the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission.

(c)

Funding for State programs

(1)

In general

The Secretary shall provide to States, in accordance with this subsection—

(A)

initial grants under paragraph (3);

(B)

formula grants under paragraph (4); and

(C)

performance grants under paragraph (5).

(2)

Activities

(A)

In general

A State may use funding provided under this subsection for any of the following purposes:

(i)

To plug, remediate, and reclaim orphaned wells located on State-owned or privately owned land.

(ii)

To identify and characterize undocumented orphaned wells on State and private land.

(iii)

To rank orphaned wells based on factors including—

(I)

public health and safety;

(II)

potential environmental harm; and

(III)

other land use priorities.

(iv)

To make information regarding the use of funds received under this subsection available on a public website.

(v)

To measure and track—

(I)

emissions of methane and other gases associated with orphaned wells; and

(II)

contamination of groundwater or surface water associated with orphaned wells.

(vi)

To remediate soil and restore native species habitat that has been degraded due to the presence of orphaned wells and associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure.

(vii)

To remediate land adjacent to orphaned wells and decommission or remove associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure.

(viii)

To identify and address any disproportionate burden of adverse human health or environmental effects of orphaned wells on communities of color, low-income communities, and Tribal and indigenous communities.

(ix)

Subject to subparagraph (B), to administer a program to carry out any activities described in clauses (i) through (viii).

(B)

Administrative cost limitation

(i)

In general

(ii)

Exception

(3)

Initial grants

(A)

In general

Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary shall distribute—

(i)

not more than $25,000,000 to each State that submits to the Secretary, by not later than 180 days after November 15, 2021, a request for funding under this clause, including—

(I)

an estimate of the number of jobs that will be created or saved through the activities proposed to be funded; and

(II)

a certification that—

(aa)

the State is a Member State or Associate Member State of the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission;

(bb)

there are 1 or more documented orphaned wells located in the State; and

(cc)

the State will use not less than 90 percent of the funding requested under this subsection to issue new contracts, amend existing contracts, or issue grants for plugging, remediation, and reclamation work by not later than 90 days after the date of receipt of the funds; and

(ii)

not more than $5,000,000 to each State that—

requests funding under this clause;

(II)

does not receive a grant under clause (i); and

(III)

certifies to the Secretary that—

(aa)

the State—

(AA)

has in effect a plugging, remediation, and reclamation program for orphaned wells; or

(BB)

the capacity to initiate such a program; or

(bb)

the funds provided under this paragraph will be used to carry out any administrative actions necessary to develop an application for a formula grant under paragraph (4) or a performance grant under paragraph (5).

(B)

Distribution

(C)

Deadline for expenditure

(D)

Report

(4)

Formula grants

(A)

Establishment

(i)

In general

(ii)

Description of States

(iii)

Factors

The formula established under clause (i) shall account for, with respect to an applicant State, the following factors:

(I)

Job losses in the oil and gas industry in the State during the period—

(aa)

beginning on March 1, 2020; and

(bb)

ending on November 15, 2021.

(II)

The number of documented orphaned wells located in the State, and the projected cost—

(aa)

to plug or reclaim those orphaned wells;

(bb)

to reclaim adjacent land; and

(cc)

to decommission or remove associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure.

(iv)

Publication

(B)

Application

To be eligible to receive a formula grant under this paragraph, a State shall submit to the Secretary an application that includes—

(i)

a description of—

(I)

the State program for orphaned well plugging, remediation, and restoration, including legal authorities, processes used to identify and prioritize orphaned wells, procurement mechanisms, and other program elements demonstrating the readiness of the State to carry out proposed activities using the grant;

(II)

the activities to be carried out with the grant, including an identification of the estimated health, safety, habitat, and environmental benefits of plugging, remediating, or reclaiming orphaned wells; and

(III)

the means by which the information regarding the activities of the State under this paragraph will be made available on a public website;

(ii)

an estimate of—

(I)

the number of orphaned wells in the State that will be plugged, remediated, or reclaimed;

(II)

the projected cost of—

(aa)

plugging, remediating, or reclaiming orphaned wells;

(bb)

remediating or reclaiming adjacent land; and

(cc)

decommissioning or removing associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure;

(III)

the amount of that projected cost that will be offset by the forfeiture of financial assurance instruments, the estimated salvage of well site equipment, or other proceeds from the orphaned wells and adjacent land;

(IV)

the number of jobs that will be created or saved through the activities to be funded under this paragraph; and

(V)

the amount of funds to be spent on administrative costs;

(iii)

a certification that any financial assurance instruments available to cover plugging, remediation, or reclamation costs will be used by the State; and

(iv)

the definitions and processes used by the State to formally identify a well as—

(I)

an orphaned well; or

(II)

if the State uses different terminology, otherwise eligible for plugging, remediation, and reclamation by the State.

(C)

Distribution

(D)

Deadline for expenditure

(E)

Consultation

In making a determination under this paragraph regarding the eligibility of a State to receive a formula grant, the Secretary shall consult with—

(i)

the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency;

(ii)

the Secretary of Energy; and

(iii)

the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission.

(5)

Performance grants

(A)

Establishment

The Secretary shall provide to States, in accordance with this paragraph—

(i)

regulatory improvement grants under subparagraph (E); and

(ii)

matching grants under subparagraph (F).

(B)

Application

To be eligible to receive a grant under this paragraph, a State shall submit to the Secretary an application including—

(i)

each element described in an application for a grant under paragraph (4)(B);

(ii)

activities carried out by the State to address orphaned wells located in the State, including—

(I)

increasing State spending on well plugging, remediation, and reclamation; or

(II)

improving regulation of oil and gas wells; and

(iii)

the means by which the State will use funds provided under this paragraph—

(I)

to lower unemployment in the State; and

(II)

to improve economic conditions in economically distressed areas of the State.

(C)

Distribution

(D)

Consultation

In making a determination under this paragraph regarding the eligibility of a State to receive a grant under subparagraph (E) or (F), the Secretary shall consult with—

(i)

the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency;

(ii)

the Secretary of Energy; and

(iii)

the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission.

(E)

Regulatory improvement grants

(i)

In general

Beginning on the date that is 180 days after the date on which an initial grant is provided to a State under paragraph (3), the Secretary shall, subject to the availability of appropriations, provide to the State a regulatory improvement grant under this subparagraph, if the State meets, during the 10-year period ending on the date on which the State submits to the Secretary an application under subparagraph (B), 1 of the following criteria:

(I)

The State has strengthened plugging standards and procedures designed to ensure that wells located in the State are plugged in an effective manner that protects groundwater and other natural resources, public health and safety, and the environment.

(II)

The State has made improvements to State programs designed to reduce future orphaned well burdens, such as financial assurance reform, alternative funding mechanisms for orphaned well programs, and reforms to programs relating to well transfer or temporary abandonment.

(ii)

Limitations

(I)

Number

(II)

Maximum amount

(iii)

Reimbursement for failure to maintain protections

(F)

Matching grants

(i)

In general

(I)

the average annual amount expended by the State during the period of fiscal years 2010 through 2019—

(aa)

to plug, remediate, and reclaim orphaned wells; and

(bb)

to decommission or remove associated pipelines, facilities, or infrastructure; and

(II)

the amount that the State certifies to the Secretary the State will expend, during the fiscal year in which the State will receive the grant under this subparagraph—

(aa)

to plug, remediate, and reclaim orphaned wells;

(bb)

to remediate or reclaim adjacent land; and

(cc)

to decommission or remove associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure.

(ii)

Limitations

(I)

Fiscal year

(II)

Total funds provided

(d)

Tribal orphaned well site plugging, remediation, and restoration

(1)

Establishment

The Secretary shall establish a program under which the Secretary shall—

(A)

provide to Indian Tribes grants in accordance with this subsection; or

(B)

on request of an Indian Tribe and in lieu of a grant under subparagraph (A), administer and carry out plugging, remediation, and reclamation activities in accordance with paragraph (7).

(2)

Eligible activities

(A)

In general

An Indian Tribe may use a grant received under this subsection—

(i)

to plug, remediate, or reclaim an orphaned well on Tribal land;

(ii)

to remediate soil and restore native species habitat that has been degraded due to the presence of an orphaned well or associated pipelines, facilities, or infrastructure on Tribal land;

(iii)

to remediate Tribal land adjacent to orphaned wells and decommission or remove associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure;

(iv)

to provide an online public accounting of the cost of plugging, remediation, and reclamation for each orphaned well site on Tribal land;

(v)

to identify and characterize undocumented orphaned wells on Tribal land; and

(vi)

to develop or administer a Tribal program to carry out any activities described in clauses (i) through (v).

(B)

Administrative cost limitation

(i)

In general

(ii)

Exception

(3)

Factors for consideration

In determining whether to provide to an Indian Tribe a grant under this subsection, the Secretary shall take into consideration—

(A)

the unemployment rate of the Indian Tribe on the date on which the Indian Tribe submits an application under paragraph (4); and

(B)

the estimated number of orphaned wells on the Tribal land of the Indian Tribe.

(4)

Application

To be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection, an Indian Tribe shall submit to the Secretary an application that includes—

(A)

a description of—

(i)

the Tribal program for orphaned well plugging, remediation, and restoration, including legal authorities, processes used to identify and prioritize orphaned wells, procurement mechanisms, and other program elements demonstrating the readiness of the Indian Tribe to carry out the proposed activities, or plans to develop such a program; and

(ii)

(B)

an estimate of—

(i)

the number of orphaned wells that will be plugged, remediated, or reclaimed; and

(ii)

the projected cost of—

(I)

plugging, remediating, or reclaiming orphaned wells;

(II)

remediating or reclaiming adjacent land; and

(III)

decommissioning or removing associated pipelines, facilities, and infrastructure.

(5)

Distribution

(6)

Deadline for expenditure

(7)

Delegation to Secretary in lieu of a grant

(A)

In general

(B)

Administration

(e)

Technical assistance

(f)

Report to Congress

Not later than 1 year after November 15, 2021, and not less frequently than annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Appropriations and Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committees on Appropriations and Natural Resources of the House of Representatives a report describing the program established and grants awarded under this section, including—

(1)

an updated inventory of wells located on Federal land, Tribal land, and State and private land that are—

(A)

orphaned wells; or

(B)

at risk of becoming orphaned wells;

(2)

an estimate of the quantities of—

(A)

methane and other gasses emitted from orphaned wells; and

(B)

emissions reduced as a result of plugging, remediating, and reclaiming orphaned wells;

(3)

the number of jobs created and saved through the plugging, remediation, and reclamation of orphaned wells; and

(4)

the acreage of habitat restored using grants awarded to plug, remediate, and reclaim orphaned wells and to remediate or reclaim adjacent land, together with a description of the purposes for which that land is likely to be used in the future.

(g)

Effect of section

(1)

No expansion of liability

Nothing in this section establishes or expands the responsibility or liability of any entity with respect to—

(A)

plugging any well; or

(B)

remediating or reclaiming any well site.

(2)

Tribal land

Nothing in this section—

(A)

relieves the Secretary of any obligation under section 396c of title 25, to plug, remediate, or reclaim an orphaned well located on Tribal land; or

(B)

absolves the United States from a responsibility to plug, remediate, or reclaim an orphaned well located on Tribal land or any other responsibility to an Indian Tribe, including any responsibility that derives from—

(i)

the trust relationship between the United States and Indian Tribes;

(ii)

any treaty, law, or Executive order; or

(iii)

any agreement between the United States and an Indian Tribe.

(3)

Owner or operator not absolved

Nothing in this section absolves the owner or operator of an oil or gas well of any potential liability for—

(A)

reimbursement of any plugging or reclamation costs associated with the well; or

(B)

any adverse effect of the well on the environment.

(h)

Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 2022, to remain available until September 30, 2030:

(1)

to the Secretary—

(A)

$250,000,000 to carry out the program under subsection (b);

(B)

$775,000,000 to provide grants under subsection (c)(3);

(C)

$2,000,000,000 to provide grants under subsection (c)(4);

(D)

$1,500,000,000 to provide grants under subsection (c)(5); and

(E)

$150,000,000 to carry out the program under subsection (d);

(2)

to the Secretary of Energy, $30,000,000 to conduct research and development activities in cooperation with the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission to assist the Federal land management agencies, States, and Indian Tribes in—

(A)

identifying and characterizing undocumented orphaned wells; and

(B)

mitigating the environmental risks of undocumented orphaned wells; and

(3)

to the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, $2,000,000 to carry out this section.

(Pub. L. 109–58, title III, § 349, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 709; Pub. L. 113–40, § 10(b), Oct. 2, 2013, 127 Stat. 545; Pub. L. 117–58, div. D, title VI, § 40601, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 1080.)

cite as: 42 USC 15907