§ 3341.
(a)
Definitions
In this section:
(1)
The term “agency” means—
(C)
an element of the intelligence community.
(2)
The term “authorized investigative agency” means an agency designated by the head of the agency selected pursuant to subsection (b) to conduct a counterintelligence investigation or investigation of persons who are proposed for access to classified information to ascertain whether such persons satisfy the criteria for obtaining and retaining access to such information.
(3)
The term “authorized adjudicative agency” means an agency authorized by law, regulation, or direction of the Director of National Intelligence to determine eligibility for access to classified information in accordance with Executive Order 12968.
(4)
The term “highly sensitive program” means—
(A)
a government program designated as a Special Access Program (as that term is defined in section 4.1(h) of Executive Order 12958 or any successor Executive order); or
(B)
a government program that applies restrictions required for—
(ii)
other information commonly referred to as “sensitive compartmented information”.
(5)
The term “current investigation file” means, with respect to a security clearance, a file on an investigation or adjudication that has been conducted during—
(A)
the 5-year period beginning on the date the security clearance was granted, in the case of a Top Secret Clearance, or the date access was granted to a highly sensitive program;
(B)
the 10-year period beginning on the date the security clearance was granted in the case of a Secret Clearance; and
(C)
the 15-year period beginning on the date the security clearance was granted in the case of a Confidential Clearance.
(6)
The term “personnel security investigation” means any investigation required for the purpose of determining the eligibility of any military, civilian, or government contractor personnel to access classified information.
(7)
The term “periodic reinvestigations” means investigations conducted for the purpose of updating a previously completed background investigation—
(A)
every 5 years in the case of a top secret clearance or access to a highly sensitive program;
(B)
every 10 years in the case of a secret clearance; or
(C)
every 15 years in the case of a Confidential Clearance.
(8)
The term “appropriate committees of Congress” means—
(A)
the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Committees on Armed Services, Homeland Security, Government Reform, and the Judiciary of the House of Representatives; and
(B)
the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Committees on Armed Services, Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, and the Judiciary of the Senate.
(9)
Access determination.—
The term “access determination” means the determination regarding whether an employee—
(A)
is eligible for access to classified information in accordance with Executive Order 12968 (60 Fed. Reg. 40245; relating to access to classified information), or any successor thereto, and Executive Order 10865 (25 Fed. Reg. 1583; relating to safeguarding classified information within industry), or any successor thereto; and
(B)
possesses a need to know under such an Order.
(b)
Selection of entity
Except as otherwise provided, not later than 90 days after December 17, 2004, the President shall select a single department, agency, or element of the executive branch to be responsible for—
(1)
directing day-to-day oversight of investigations and adjudications for personnel security clearances, including for highly sensitive programs, throughout the United States Government;
(2)
developing and implementing uniform and consistent policies and procedures to ensure the effective, efficient, and timely completion of security clearances and determinations for access to highly sensitive programs, including the standardization of security questionnaires, financial disclosure requirements for security clearance applicants, and polygraph policies and procedures;
(3)
serving as the final authority to designate an authorized investigative agency or authorized adjudicative agency;
(4)
ensuring reciprocal recognition of access to classified information among the agencies of the United States Government, including acting as the final authority to arbitrate and resolve disputes involving the reciprocity of security clearances and access to highly sensitive programs pursuant to subsection (d);
(5)
ensuring, to the maximum extent practicable, that sufficient resources are available in each agency to achieve clearance and investigative program goals;
(6)
reviewing and coordinating the development of tools and techniques for enhancing the conduct of investigations and granting of clearances; and
(7)
not later than 180 days after July 7, 2014, and consistent with subsection (j)—
(A)
developing policies and procedures that permit, to the extent practicable, individuals alleging reprisal for having made a protected disclosure (provided the individual does not disclose classified information or other information contrary to law) to appeal any action affecting an employee’s access to classified information and to retain their government employment status while such challenge is pending; and
(B)
developing and implementing uniform and consistent policies and procedures to ensure proper protections during the process for denying, suspending, or revoking a security clearance or access to classified information following a protected disclosure, including the ability to appeal such a denial, suspension, or revocation, except that there shall be no appeal of an agency’s suspension of a security clearance or access determination for purposes of conducting an investigation, if that suspension lasts no longer than 1 year or the head of the agency or a designee of the head of the agency certifies that a longer suspension is needed before a final decision on denial or revocation to prevent imminent harm to the national security.
(c)
Performance of security clearance investigations
(1)
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, not later than 180 days after December 17, 2004, the President shall, in consultation with the head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b), select a single agency of the executive branch to conduct, to the maximum extent practicable, security clearance investigations of employees and contractor personnel of the United States Government who require access to classified information and to provide and maintain all security clearances of such employees and contractor personnel. The head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) may designate other agencies to conduct such investigations if the head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) considers it appropriate for national security and efficiency purposes.
(2)
The agency selected under paragraph (1) shall—
(A)
take all necessary actions to carry out the requirements of this section, including entering into a memorandum of understanding with any agency carrying out responsibilities relating to security clearances or security clearance investigations before December 17, 2004;
(B)
as soon as practicable, integrate reporting of security clearance applications, security clearance investigations, and determinations of eligibility for security clearances, with the database required by subsection (e); and
(C)
ensure that security clearance investigations are conducted in accordance with uniform standards and requirements established under subsection (b), including uniform security questionnaires and financial disclosure requirements.
(d)
Reciprocity of security clearance and access determinations
(1)
All security clearance background investigations and determinations completed by an authorized investigative agency or authorized adjudicative agency shall be accepted by all agencies.
(2)
All security clearance background investigations initiated by an authorized investigative agency shall be transferable to any other authorized investigative agency.
(3)
(A)
An authorized investigative agency or authorized adjudicative agency may not establish additional investigative or adjudicative requirements (other than requirements for the conduct of a polygraph examination) that exceed requirements specified in Executive Orders establishing security requirements for access to classified information without the approval of the head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b).
(B)
Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) may establish such additional requirements as the head of such entity considers necessary for national security purposes.
(4)
An authorized investigative agency or authorized adjudicative agency may not conduct an investigation for purposes of determining whether to grant a security clearance to an individual where a current investigation or clearance of equal level already exists or has been granted by another authorized adjudicative agency.
(5)
The head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) may disallow the reciprocal recognition of an individual security clearance by an agency under this section on a case-by-case basis if the head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) determines that such action is necessary for national security purposes.
(6)
The head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) shall establish a review procedure by which agencies can seek review of actions required under this section.
(e)
Database on security clearances
(1)
Not later than 12 months after December 17, 2004, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall, in cooperation with the heads of the entities selected pursuant to subsections (b) and (c), establish and commence operating and maintaining an integrated, secure, database into which appropriate data relevant to the granting, denial, or revocation of a security clearance or access pertaining to military, civilian, or government contractor personnel shall be entered from all authorized investigative and adjudicative agencies.
(2)
The database under this subsection shall function to integrate information from existing Federal clearance tracking systems from other authorized investigative and adjudicative agencies into a single consolidated database.
(3)
Each authorized investigative or adjudicative agency shall check the database under this subsection to determine whether an individual the agency has identified as requiring a security clearance has already been granted or denied a security clearance, or has had a security clearance revoked, by any other authorized investigative or adjudicative agency.
(4)
The head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) shall evaluate the extent to which an agency is submitting information to, and requesting information from, the database under this subsection as part of a determination of whether to certify the agency as an authorized investigative agency or authorized adjudicative agency.
(5)
The head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) may authorize an agency to withhold information about certain individuals from the database under this subsection if the head of the entity considers it necessary for national security purposes.
(f)
Evaluation of use of available technology in clearance investigations and adjudications
(1)
The head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) shall evaluate the use of available information technology and databases to expedite investigative and adjudicative processes for all and to verify standard information submitted as part of an application for a security clearance.
(2)
The evaluation shall assess the application of the technologies described in paragraph (1) for—
(A)
granting interim clearances to applicants at the secret, top secret, and special access program levels before the completion of the appropriate full investigation;
(B)
expediting investigations and adjudications of security clearances, including verification of information submitted by the applicant;
(C)
ongoing verification of suitability of personnel with security clearances in effect for continued access to classified information;
(D)
use of such technologies to augment periodic reinvestigations;
(E)
assessing the impact of the use of such technologies on the rights of applicants to verify, correct, or challenge information obtained through such technologies; and
(F)
such other purposes as the head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) considers appropriate.
(3)
An individual subject to verification utilizing the technology described in paragraph (1) shall be notified of such verification, shall provide consent to such use, and shall have access to data being verified in order to correct errors or challenge information the individual believes is incorrect.
(4)
Not later than one year after December 17, 2004, the head of the entity selected pursuant to subsection (b) shall submit to the President and the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the results of the evaluation, including recommendations on the use of technologies described in paragraph (1).
(g)
, (h). Repealed. [Pub. L. 118–31, div. G, title VII], §§ 7702(a)(3), 7703(c), Dec. 22, 2023, [137 Stat. 1101], 1102
(j)
Retaliatory revocation of security clearances and access determinations
(1)
In general
Agency personnel with authority to take, direct others to take, recommend, or approve personnel security clearance or access determinations shall not take or fail to take, or threaten to take or fail to take, any action with respect to any employee’s security clearance or access determination in retaliation for—
(A)
any lawful disclosure of information to the Director of National Intelligence (or an employee designated by the Director of National Intelligence for such purpose) or a supervisor in the employee’s direct chain of command, or a supervisor of the employing agency with responsibility for the subject matter of the disclosure, up to and including the head of the employing agency (or employee designated by the head of that agency for such purpose) by an employee that the employee reasonably believes evidences—
(i)
a violation of any Federal law, rule, or regulation; or
(ii)
mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety;
(B)
any lawful disclosure to the Inspector General of an agency or another employee designated by the head of the agency to receive such disclosures, of information which the employee reasonably believes evidences—
(i)
a violation of any Federal law, rule, or regulation; or
(ii)
mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety;
(C)
any lawful disclosure that complies with—
(i)
subsections (a)(1), (d), and (h) of section 8H of the Inspector General Act of 1978 (
5 U.S.C. App.);
1
See References in Text note below.
(D)
if the actions do not result in the employee or applicant unlawfully disclosing information specifically required by Executive order to be kept classified in the interest of national defense or the conduct of foreign affairs, any lawful disclosure in conjunction with—
(i)
the exercise of any appeal, complaint, or grievance right granted by any law, rule, or regulation;
(ii)
testimony for or otherwise lawfully assisting any individual in the exercise of any right referred to in clause (i); or
(iii)
cooperation with or disclosing information to the Inspector General of an agency, in accordance with applicable provisions of law in connection with an audit, inspection, or investigation conducted by the Inspector General.
(3)
Disclosures
A disclosure shall not be excluded from paragraph (1) because—
(A)
the disclosure was made to a person, including a supervisor, who participated in an activity that the employee reasonably believed to be covered by paragraph (1)(A)(ii);
(B)
the disclosure revealed information that had been previously disclosed;
(C)
the disclosure was not made in writing;
(D)
the disclosure was made while the employee was off duty;
(E)
of the amount of time which has passed since the occurrence of the events described in the disclosure; or
(F)
the disclosure was made during the normal course of duties of an employee.
(4)
Agency adjudication
(D)
Tolling
The time requirement established by subparagraph (A) for an employee or former employee to appeal the decision of an agency may be tolled if the employee or former employee presents substantial credible evidence showing why the employee or former employee did not timely initiate the appeal and why the enforcement of the time requirement would be unfair, such as evidence showing that the employee or former employee—
(i)
did not receive notice of the decision; or
(ii)
could not timely initiate the appeal because of factors beyond the control of the employee or former employee.
(5)
Appellate review of security clearance access determinations by Director of National Intelligence
(B)
Policies and procedures
(C)
Congressional notification
(6)
Judicial review
Nothing in this section shall be construed to permit or require judicial review of any—
(A)
agency action under this section; or
(B)
action of the appellate review procedures established under paragraph (5).
(7)
Private cause of action
(9)
Inclusion of contractor employees
([Pub. L. 108–458, title III, § 3001], Dec. 17, 2004, [118 Stat. 3705]; [Pub. L. 113–126, title VI, § 602(a)(1)], (b), (c), July 7, 2014, [128 Stat. 1416], 1417, 1419; [Pub. L. 113–293, title III, § 310], Dec. 19, 2014, [128 Stat. 3999]; [Pub. L. 115–118, title I, § 110(c)], Jan. 19, 2018, [132 Stat. 17]; [Pub. L. 117–103, div. X, title V, § 501(b)]–(d)(1), (e)(2), (h)–(k), Mar. 15, 2022, [136 Stat. 981–985]; [Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(b)(101)], Dec. 27, 2022, [136 Stat. 4353]; [Pub. L. 118–31, div. G, title VII], §§ 7702(a)(3), 7703(c), title IX, § 7901(e), Dec. 22, 2023, [137 Stat. 1101], 1102, 1107.)