15 USC 78u-4 - Private securities litigation

U.S Code last checked for updates: Apr 08, 2025

§ 78u–4.

Private securities litigation

(a)

Private class actions

(1)

In general

(2)

Certification filed with complaint

(A)

In general

Each plaintiff seeking to serve as a representative party on behalf of a class shall provide a sworn certification, which shall be personally signed by such plaintiff and filed with the complaint, that—

(i)

states that the plaintiff has reviewed the complaint and authorized its filing;

(ii)

states that the plaintiff did not purchase the security that is the subject of the complaint at the direction of plaintiff’s counsel or in order to participate in any private action arising under this chapter;

(iii)

states that the plaintiff is willing to serve as a representative party on behalf of a class, including providing testimony at deposition and trial, if necessary;

(iv)

sets forth all of the transactions of the plaintiff in the security that is the subject of the complaint during the class period specified in the complaint;

(v)

identifies any other action under this chapter, filed during the 3-year period preceding the date on which the certification is signed by the plaintiff, in which the plaintiff has sought to serve as a representative party on behalf of a class; and

(vi)

states that the plaintiff will not accept any payment for serving as a representative party on behalf of a class beyond the plaintiff’s pro rata share of any recovery, except as ordered or approved by the court in accordance with paragraph (4).

(B)

Nonwaiver of attorney-client privilege

(3)

Appointment of lead plaintiff

(A)

Early notice to class members

(i)

In general

Not later than 20 days after the date on which the complaint is filed, the plaintiff or plaintiffs shall cause to be published, in a widely circulated national business-oriented publication or wire service, a notice advising members of the purported plaintiff class—

(I)

of the pendency of the action, the claims asserted therein, and the purported class period; and

(II)

that, not later than 60 days after the date on which the notice is published, any member of the purported class may move the court to serve as lead plaintiff of the purported class.

(ii)

Multiple actions

(iii)

Additional notices may be required under Federal rules

(B)

Appointment of lead plaintiff

(i)

In general

(ii)

Consolidated actions

(iii)

Rebuttable presumption

(I)

In general

Subject to subclause (II), for purposes of clause (i), the court shall adopt a presumption that the most adequate plaintiff in any private action arising under this chapter is the person or group of persons that—

(aa)

has either filed the complaint or made a motion in response to a notice under subparagraph (A)(i);

(bb)

in the determination of the court, has the largest financial interest in the relief sought by the class; and

(cc)

otherwise satisfies the requirements of Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

(II)

Rebuttal evidence

The presumption described in subclause (I) may be rebutted only upon proof by a member of the purported plaintiff class that the presumptively most adequate plaintiff—

(aa)

will not fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class; or

(bb)

is subject to unique defenses that render such plaintiff incapable of adequately representing the class.

(iv)

Discovery

(v)

Selection of lead counsel

(vi)

Restrictions on professional plaintiffs

(4)

Recovery by plaintiffs

(5)

Restrictions on settlements under seal

(6)

Restrictions on payment of attorneys’ fees and expenses

(7)

Disclosure of settlement terms to class members

Any proposed or final settlement agreement that is published or otherwise disseminated to the class shall include each of the following statements, along with a cover page summarizing the information contained in such statements:

(A)

Statement of plaintiff recovery

(B)

Statement of potential outcome of case

(i)

Agreement on amount of damages

(ii)

Disagreement on amount of damages

(iii)

Inadmissibility for certain purposes

(C)

Statement of attorneys’ fees or costs sought

(D)

Identification of lawyers’ representatives

(E)

Reasons for settlement

(F)

Other information

(8)

Security for payment of costs in class actions

(9)

Attorney conflict of interest

(b)

Requirements for securities fraud actions

(1)

Misleading statements and omissions

In any private action arising under this chapter in which the plaintiff alleges that the defendant—

(A)

made an untrue statement of a material fact; or

(B)

omitted to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances in which they were made, not misleading;

the complaint shall specify each statement alleged to have been misleading, the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading, and, if an allegation regarding the statement or omission is made on information and belief, the complaint shall state with particularity all facts on which that belief is formed.

(2)

Required state of mind

(A)

In general

(B)

Exception

In the case of an action for money damages brought against a credit rating agency or a controlling person under this chapter, it shall be sufficient, for purposes of pleading any required state of mind in relation to such action, that the complaint state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the credit rating agency knowingly or recklessly failed—

(i)

to conduct a reasonable investigation of the rated security with respect to the factual elements relied upon by its own methodology for evaluating credit risk; or

(ii)

to obtain reasonable verification of such factual elements (which verification may be based on a sampling technique that does not amount to an audit) from other sources that the credit rating agency considered to be competent and that were independent of the issuer and underwriter.

(3)

Motion to dismiss; stay of discovery

(A)

Dismissal for failure to meet pleading requirements

(B)

Stay of discovery

(C)

Preservation of evidence

(i)

In general

(ii)

Sanction for willful violation

(D)

Circumvention of stay of discovery

(4)

Loss causation

(c)

Sanctions for abusive litigation

(1)

Mandatory review by court

(2)

Mandatory sanctions

(3)

Presumption in favor of attorneys’ fees and costs

(A)

In general

Subject to subparagraphs (B) and (C), for purposes of paragraph (2), the court shall adopt a presumption that the appropriate sanction—

(i)

for failure of any responsive pleading or dispositive motion to comply with any requirement of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is an award to the opposing party of the reasonable attorneys’ fees and other expenses incurred as a direct result of the violation; and

(ii)

for substantial failure of any complaint to comply with any requirement of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is an award to the opposing party of the reasonable attorneys’ fees and other expenses incurred in the action.

(B)

Rebuttal evidence

The presumption described in subparagraph (A) may be rebutted only upon proof by the party or attorney against whom sanctions are to be imposed that—

(i)

the award of attorneys’ fees and other expenses will impose an unreasonable burden on that party or attorney and would be unjust, and the failure to make such an award would not impose a greater burden on the party in whose favor sanctions are to be imposed; or

(ii)

the violation of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure was de minimis.

(C)

Sanctions

(d)

Defendant’s right to written interrogatories

(e)

Limitation on damages

(1)

In general

(2)

Exception

(3)

“Mean trading price” defined

(f)

Proportionate liability

(1)

Applicability

(2)

Liability for damages

(A)

Joint and several liability

(B)

Proportionate liability

(i)

In general

(ii)

Recovery by and costs of covered person

(3)

Determination of responsibility

(A)

In general

In any private action, the court shall instruct the jury to answer special interrogatories, or if there is no jury, shall make findings, with respect to each covered person and each of the other persons claimed by any of the parties to have caused or contributed to the loss incurred by the plaintiff, including persons who have entered into settlements with the plaintiff or plaintiffs, concerning—

(i)

whether such person violated the securities laws;

(ii)

the percentage of responsibility of such person, measured as a percentage of the total fault of all persons who caused or contributed to the loss incurred by the plaintiff; and

(iii)

whether such person knowingly committed a violation of the securities laws.

(B)

Contents of special interrogatories or findings

(C)

Factors for consideration

In determining the percentage of responsibility under this paragraph, the trier of fact shall consider—

(i)

the nature of the conduct of each covered person found to have caused or contributed to the loss incurred by the plaintiff or plaintiffs; and

(ii)

the nature and extent of the causal relationship between the conduct of each such person and the damages incurred by the plaintiff or plaintiffs.

(4)

Uncollectible share

(A)

In general

Notwithstanding paragraph (2)(B), upon 1

 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “if,”.

motion made not later than 6 months after a final judgment is entered in any private action, the court determines that all or part of the share of the judgment of the covered person is not collectible against that covered person, and is also not collectible against a covered person described in paragraph (2)(A), each covered person described in paragraph (2)(B) shall be liable for the uncollectible share as follows:

(i)

Percentage of net worth

Each covered person shall be jointly and severally liable for the uncollectible share if the plaintiff establishes that—

(I)

the plaintiff is an individual whose recoverable damages under the final judgment are equal to more than 10 percent of the net worth of the plaintiff; and

(II)

the net worth of the plaintiff is equal to less than $200,000.

(ii)

Other plaintiffs

(iii)

Net worth

(B)

Overall limit

(C)

Covered persons subject to contribution

(5)

Right of contribution

To the extent that a covered person is required to make an additional payment pursuant to paragraph (4), that covered person may recover contribution—

(A)

from the covered person originally liable to make the payment;

(B)

from any covered person liable jointly and severally pursuant to paragraph (2)(A);

(C)

from any covered person held proportionately liable pursuant to this paragraph who is liable to make the same payment and has paid less than his or her proportionate share of that payment; or

(D)

from any other person responsible for the conduct giving rise to the payment that would have been liable to make the same payment.

(6)

Nondisclosure to jury

(7)

Settlement discharge

(A)

In general

A covered person who settles any private action at any time before final verdict or judgment shall be discharged from all claims for contribution brought by other persons. Upon entry of the settlement by the court, the court shall enter a bar order constituting the final discharge of all obligations to the plaintiff of the settling covered person arising out of the action. The order shall bar all future claims for contribution arising out of the action—

(i)

by any person against the settling covered person; and

(ii)

by the settling covered person against any person, other than a person whose liability has been extinguished by the settlement of the settling covered person.

(B)

Reduction

If a covered person enters into a settlement with the plaintiff prior to final verdict or judgment, the verdict or judgment shall be reduced by the greater of—

(i)

an amount that corresponds to the percentage of responsibility of that covered person; or

(ii)

the amount paid to the plaintiff by that covered person.

(8)

Contribution

(9)

Statute of limitations for contribution

(10)

Definitions

For purposes of this subsection—

(A)

a covered person “knowingly commits a violation of the securities laws”—

(i)

with respect to an action that is based on an untrue statement of material fact or omission of a material fact necessary to make the statement not misleading, if—

(I)

that covered person makes an untrue statement of a material fact, with actual knowledge that the representation is false, or omits to state a fact necessary in order to make the statement made not misleading, with actual knowledge that, as a result of the omission, one of the material representations of the covered person is false; and

(II)

persons are likely to reasonably rely on that misrepresentation or omission; and

(ii)

with respect to an action that is based on any conduct that is not described in clause (i), if that covered person engages in that conduct with actual knowledge of the facts and circumstances that make the conduct of that covered person a violation of the securities laws;

(B)

reckless conduct by a covered person shall not be construed to constitute a knowing commission of a violation of the securities laws by that covered person;

(C)

the term “covered person” means—

(i)

a defendant in any private action arising under this chapter; or

(ii)

a defendant in any private action arising under section 77k of this title, who is an outside director of the issuer of the securities that are the subject of the action; and

(D)

the term “outside director” shall have the meaning given such term by rule or regulation of the Commission.

(June 6, 1934, ch. 404, title I, § 21D, as added and amended Pub. L. 104–67, title I, § 101(b), title II, § 201(a), Dec. 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 743, 758; Pub. L. 105–353, title I, § 101(b)(2), title III, § 301(b)(13), Nov. 3, 1998, 112 Stat. 3233, 3236; Pub. L. 111–203, title IX, § 933(b), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1883.)

cite as: 15 USC 78u-4

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